The Continental Divide and How the Rivers Flow

Every continent except for Antarctica has a continental divide. Continental divides separate one  drainage basin from another. They are used to define the direction that an areas rivers flow and drain into the oceans and seas. The best-known continental divide is in North America and it  runs along the Rocky and Andes mountain ranges. Most continents have multiple continental divides and some rivers flow into endorheic basins (inland bodies of water), such as the Sahara Desert in Africa. The Continental Divide  of the Americas The Continental Divide in the Americas is the line that divides the flow of water between the Pacific Ocean and the  Atlantic Ocean. Rain or snow that drains on the east side of the Continental Divide flows toward the Atlantic Ocean.Precipitation on the west side drains and flows toward the Pacific Ocean.   The continental divide runs from northwestern Canada along the crest of the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Then, it follows the crest of Mexicos Sierra Madre Occidental and along the Andes Mountains through South America. More Water Flow Divides in the Americas To say that any continent, including North America, has a single continental divide is not entirely true. We can continue to divide the flow of water (called hydrological divides) into these groups: East of the Rocky Mountains and north of the Canada-U.S. border, the rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean.Most rivers of the central U.S. flow into the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Indirectly, this is an Atlantic Ocean drainage.Rivers on the east side of Mexico and Central America also drain into the Gulf of Mexico.Rivers around the Great Lakes and along the entire east coast of Canada and the U.S. flow directly into the Atlantic Ocean.South America has a true east-west continental divide. Everything east of the Andes flows into the Atlantic Ocean and everything west flows into the Pacific. The Continental Divides of the Rest of the World It is easiest to talk about the continental divides of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia as a whole because many of the drainage basins span all four continents. The Atlantic Ocean:  Along the entire western coast of Europe and Africa, the rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean.The Mediterranean Sea: The southern part of Europe, most of the country of Turkey, and many rivers in the northern part of Africa drain into the Mediterranean Sea. Most notably, the Nile River  flows north and has a drainage basin that reaches south past the equator.The Indian Ocean:  Ã‚  The rivers of countries that surround the Indian Ocean flow into it. This includes most of the eastern coast of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia as well as the majority of  Australia.The Pacific Ocean: Along the eastern coast of Asia and Australia, the rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean. This includes China and much of Southeast Asia along with all of the island nations that fill this area of the Pacific.The Arctic  Ocean:  The majority of Russian rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean.Endorheic Basins: Asia and Africa are home to the largest endorheic basins whe re the rivers empty into deserts, large lakes, or inland seas.

After Wwi, The United States Saw A Decline In Their Economic

After WWI, the United States saw a decline in their economic boom and by late 1910s they entered into a severe recession. This economic downfall was felt throughout the world as the majority of all nations attempted to recover from the aftermath of the war. After a few years of an economic downturn, the United States hit its stride in the 1920s as it entered another economic boom referred to as the â€Å"Roaring 20s†. This economic boom had such a tremendous impact that it is reported that the, â€Å"nation’s total wealth more than doubled between 1920 and 1929.† The Roaring 20s increased national wealth gave Americans more money to spend which sparked the birth of mass production; all across the nation citizens were purchasing the same goods. This†¦show more content†¦Many private companies and industries also adopted an anti-Mexican policy in their hiring practices.† On a local and state level, the Mexican people were able to feel the blatant a nd vocal aura of racism and exclusion. Quickly one can do an immediate inference and realize this was an unconstitutional act as someone was being kept devoid of employment due to his or her race. Therefore these policies were an unjustifiable extension of power by both the local and state government. One account in Boulder County on May 18, 1932 demonstrated the effort local government put into deporting Mexican families: WHEREAS, A number of Mexican families in Boulder County are unemployed, some of which are public charges and there being no prospect of them finding employment and it appears that all of the said families will become public charges of Boulder County, and WHEREAS, the Mexican Government has agreed to accept these families and take care of them if Boulder County will transport them to the Mexican border and the Railroad Company has agreed to transport said families for the sum of $8.00 for each full fare and $4.00 for each half fare. NOW THEREFORE, be it resol ved that there be and is hereby appropriated out of moneys not otherwise appropriated, in the fund for the support of the poor of Boulder County, the sum of $312.00 for the transportation of said families to the Mexican border. ThisShow MoreRelatedGermany s Decline Of Hitler s Rise1315 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Andreas Professor Brown History 172-02 15 December 2016 Germany’s decline leads to Hitler’s rise Adolf Hitler s rise to power in Germany was the result of severely polarizing political, economic, and social circumstances. Following WWI the global powers and victors of the Great War imposed crippling stipulations on an already devastated Germany. These conditions combined with the establishment of Germany s first ever democracy would lead to possibly the darkest ages of humanity. UnderstandingRead MorePolitical Changes in Europe Following WWII1251 Words   |  6 PagesEurope saw greater political changes than continuities following the 2nd World War. 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Purchasing Management Organization

Question: How to understand the effectiveness of purchasing management of an organization? Explain. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the paper is to understand the effectiveness of purchasing management of an organization. The organization selected for the purpose is Marks Spencer. The main aim of the paper is to carry out the operational management from the view point of a purchasing manager of the selected organization. The purchasing manager is responsible for buying and approving the acquisition of the goods and services of the company (Pettersson Segerstedt, 2013). A detail analysis of the supplier selection criteria and the issues related to it will be made. Relevant information required understanding the ICT for purchasing operation and cost analysis will also be done in the discussion. Marks and Spencer is a multinational retailer and is headquartered in Westminster, London. The company is specialized in selling clothes, home products and luxury food products as well. It has revenue of 10.3 billion as per 2015 data. The company has been founded for than a century ago with over 1000 stores and operating in more than 50 countries. The company is dominated in the regions of UK and other regions like Egypt, Russia, Greece, France, Hungary, Finland and Spain. Companies namely, NEXT Plc, ASDA Group and TESCO Plc. are the major competitors of Marks Spencer. The company always offers the best quality of things to the customers. One of their strategies behind increased price of their product is to provide the best quality of products. In order to fight with the intensive competition of the market, the company comes up with business strategies at regular interval. It has been observed that reducing price of products offers short term profitability in the business and thus, the company never compromises on the quality to fight with the competitors. Recent approaches have been made to sell products online by the means of their websites. Supplier selection criteria and issues: Selecting a right supplier involves scanning a wide range of factors such as value for money, quality, reliability and service as well. While making a strategic approach towards selecting an appropriate supplier is by weighing the purchasing capability of the consumers. Purchasing goods or items are done keeping the target market in mind. For the retail store like Marks and Spencer, suppliers could belong to various perspectives ranging from purchasing clothes, to vegetables and other things available in a retail store. As pointed out by Zhang et al., (2013), certain factors are important while selecting suppliers. Identifying the potential suppliers: Short listing the potential suppliers from a variety of channels such as directories, trade associations, business advisors and others is the foremost thing that a purchasing manager has to keep in mind (Monczka et al., 2013). Selecting the best deal from the different stake holders identify a successful purchasing manager in the recent market perspective. Strategic thinking: It has to be kept in mind that saving money is not the only way to think strategically. Other factors such as reliability speed and persistence also matters at the time of selecting a supplier. Things to look in a supplier: At the time of selecting a supplier, primarily, a quotation is obtained from the supplier. Price is definitely a factor to consider while comparing the suppliers (Rodrguez-Escobar Gonzlez-Benito, 2015). Sometimes, negotiation also plays a role in finalizing the supplier for the company. At the time of looking at the supplier, the best potential supplier is selected among the various choices. Quotation of the products supplied by the supplier has to be gained and then a tactful decision is to be made keeping all the aspects in mind. It is also required to make a good comparison of the available supplier in the market and select the best suited one. It can be recommended that the purchasing manager of the company has to keep a detail report of the various suppliers in the market. When a detail of the available suppliers in the market is known then a better decision can be made regarding the price or the quality of product. In this respect, one thing can be mentioned that Marks Spencer focus greatly on the quality of the product. Thus, in any case when pricing is concerned, the manager might purchase the product if the same offers best quality to the consumers. ICT for purchasing operations: Information and communication technology has turned out to be an efficient and effective way to maintain interaction with the suppliers and other associated people of the organization. When it comes to supply chain management and working with the various aspects of retailers, working in a specific framed time becomes mandatory. This can only be possible when people are connected with each other (Camarero et al., 2015). At the micro level of business, importance of ICT is increased by many folds. For most companies, collaboration with the central authority of the organization becomes most vital part of carrying out the business. For a purchasing manager, the importance of ICT cannot be neglected (Baily, 2013). The person has to remain in contact with the suppliers and the distributors at the same time for smooth running of the business. Certain roles played by ICT in improving the business of an organization can be discussed here: Helps to improve the service delivery to customers: Todays business take pride when they are able to provide the best kind of service to the customers. Keeping the same factor in mind, for a purchasing manager this factor become very critical (Oppong Asabere, 2013). Providing e-commerce facilities can only be possible if there is a network of information communication technology to communicate with the suppliers and the distributors. With the availability of various technologies, it is expected that the company would utilize the various technological equipment to connect with the employees and other stake holders of the company. Helps in improving organizations responsiveness to new development: Keeping detailed information of the processing data generated from a diverse range of channels such as sales, inventory control, customers feedback and any such industrial data requires the support of ICT channels. Decision making process can be made simpler by using ICT channels (Cheng, Farooq Johansen, 2014). With better response from the employees and other people related to the organization, the working of the organization will improve. Helps to change the basis of competition: Keeping pace with the competitors in the market is the foremost thing to be kept check of in the recent market scenario. In order to streamline the internal and external processes of business operation and reducing the complexity, it is required to take initiative to improve connection with the internal and external stake holders (Poucke, Weele Matthyssens, 2014). Understanding the steps of the competitors and then acting in a competitive manner is what requires for a company to survive in the market. Helps to improve overall performance of the organization: Introduction of any kind of new services or changes in the existing services of the organization needs to be communicated with the other employees of the organization. A proper and regular connectivity become very vital (Wortmann et al., 2013). When this particular prospect is reached by an organization, then an overall gain in the performance of the organization is observed. In case of Marks Spencer, the technology used by the company for overall performance of the company is very advanced. The stores operating in the regions of UK and USA use the most modern technologies for connecting with people. However, in stores of Singapore, using better equipment for detecting the quantity and price of the supplied product can prove to be a better option in purchasing management. Collaborating with the other stores in the network by the means of ICT channels might prove to be really fruitful in conducting the various activities of business. Purchasing cost analysis: Managing cost of the purchased goods and services is one of the important issues to look into while making any kind of purchasing decision. Cost analysis is based on various factors such as the cost of the raw material, production cost, cost of raw materials and packaging cost as well (Verma, 2014). For a purchasing manager, keeping an account of the details of the cost of the various things operating in the organization is indeed important. A supplier may not know the cost of a substance, but the purchaser has to know about it. Maximizing the value of the equipment and the asset of a company is what required for proper management of cost in an organization (Chai et al., 2013). Certain factors can be mentioned here for analyzing the purchasing cost of an organization. Customizing the data: For evaluating the cost of various goods and product, primarily it is required to customize the data available. These include the all kinds of transactions of goods and other equipment (Deng et al., 2014). Customizing the data can be made using the excel sheets, that there remains a details of the entry and exit of the goods in the company. Creating a comparison chart: The purchasing manager must ensure that the product that has been purchased offered the best deal to the organization. In order to look into this matter, a comparison chart can be prepared referring the various goods and products one by one (Govindan et al., 2013). A wise decision should be made after comparing the various data and the quotation of the price offered by different companies. Similar item comparison: The market offers similar kind of product in variety of prices. The difference could be very minor but still it keeps effect for the consumers at the time of making purchase (Monczka et al., 2015). Thus, it is expected that the purchase manager has to compare the different products and make the best decision that would provide the greatest return to the company. The purchasing manager might also keep various options for the consumers to choose from. There could be similar kinds of product available. More products would provide greater chances of selling of the product. Comparison of the price set by law: Some companies keep their price extremely high without following any kind of assigned pattern of price set by the government. At this time, the consumers become quite aware of the high prices and at par refuse to buy the product (Schweiger, 2016). This calls for better look out at the price from the side of the purchase manager before keeping the same item in the store because a faulty decision might result in loss of the company. With the above mentioned points it is clear that price of a product is indeed important at the time of making any kind of purchasing decision for the company. Thus, it can be recommended that prior to making any kind of decision, keeping a good knowledge of the market and the price of similar products is required. Conclusion: Analyzing the various factors related to the purchasing management, it can be said that a purchasing manager has great responsibility towards an organization. It might be said that for a retail shop, purchasing decision is the primary requirement that needs to be fulfilled. For the same purpose, conducting a detail analysis of the cost of the goods is to be done. In this respect, the importance of ICT cannot be neglected. It is only with the help of information and communication technology, the process of carrying out the operation of the organization can be made with greater ease. In case of Marks Spencer, it can be said that the company has been operating with great prosperity in the market. The annual revenue of the company is growing as well from time to time. The credits for this prosperity of the company can be given to the purchasing manager as well. It is the insight of the purchasing manager who maintains a balance of between the purchase and the sale of the product. Analyz ing the basic factors responsible for guiding the decision of a purchasing manager, certain recommendations have been also made in the above discussion. Reference list: Baily, P. J. (2013).Purchasing and supply management. Springer. Camarero Izquierdo, C., Garrido Samaniego, M. J., San Jos Cabezudo, R. (2015). How Strategic Purchasing Orientation and Transformational Leadership Impact Performance: The Mediating Role of Information and Communication Technologies.Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing,22(4), 269-292. Chai, J., Liu, J. N., Ngai, E. W. (2013). Application of decision-making techniques in supplier selection: A systematic review of literature.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), 3872-3885. Cheng, Y., Farooq, S., Johansen, J. (2014). Global Operations: A Review and Outlook. InInternational Operations Networks(pp. 161-179). Springer London. Deng, X., Hu, Y., Deng, Y., Mahadevan, S. (2014). Supplier selection using AHP methodology extended by D numbers.Expert Systems with Applications,41(1), 156-167. Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., Murugesan, P. (2013). Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production. Monczka, R., Handfield, R., Giunipero, L., Patterson, J. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Oppong, D., Asabere, N. Y. (2013). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Related Courses in the Department of Purchasing and Supply, Accra Polytechnic, Ghana: The Necessity and Significance of Change.International Journal of Computer Applications,78(6). Pettersson, A. I., Segerstedt, A. (2013). Measuring supply chain cost.International Journal of Production Economics,143(2), 357-363. Rodrguez-Escobar, J. A., Gonzlez-Benito, J. (2015). The role of information technology in purchasing function.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,30(5), 498-510. Schweiger, J. (2016). Concept of a Purchasing and Supply Management Maturity Framework. InSupply Management Research(pp. 153-176). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Van Poucke, E., van Weele, A. J., Matthyssens, P. (2014, April). The interrelationship between purchasing maturity, internal customer satisfaction and purchasing performance: an empirical case study. InProceedings of the 23rd annual IPSERA Conference(pp. 13-16). Verma, R. K. (2014). Implementation of interpretive structural model and topsis in manufacturing industries for supplier selection.Ind Eng Lett,4(5), 1-8. Wortmann, H., Alblas, A. A., Buijs, P., Peters, K. (2013). Supply chain integration for sustainability faces sustaining ICT problems. InAdvances in Production Management Systems. Sustainable Production and Service Supply Chains(pp. 493-500). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zhang, Q., Zhou, D., Zhou, P., Ding, H. (2013). Cost analysis of straw-based power generation in Jiangsu Province, China.Applied Energy,102, 785-793.

Jealousy And Mistaken Identity In Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Jealousy And Mistaken Identity In Shakespeare Essay Jealousyand Mistaken Identity in ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeares life is somewhatof a mystery to scholars due to the fact that most information that isknown is very scattered and sparse. No one knows the exact date ofShakespeares birth, but his baptism occurred on Wednesday, April 26, 1564. His father was John Shakespeare, a tanner, glover, dealer in grain, andtown official of Stratford. His mother, Mary, was the daughter ofRobert Arden, a prosperous gentleman-farmer. William Shakespeareand his family lived on Henley Street. A bond dated November 28, 1582 stated thatWilliam Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway entered into a marriage contract. The baptism of their eldest child, Susanna, took place in Stratford inMay of 1583. Hamnet and Judith, their twins were christened in thesame church one year and nine months later. In May of 1597, Shakespearepurchased a residential property in Stratford called New Place. Due to the fact that his father had suffered financial problems prior tothis date, it is assumed that Shakespeare must have achieved success byhimself. On March 25, 1616 William Shakespeare revised his last willand testament. He died on April 23, 1616. There are certainly many things in whichscholars cannot explain about the life of William Shakespeare, howeverthe facts that do exist are enough to identify him as a real person. He was a writer who, for the last three hundred years, has continued tobe a major influence on drama and poetry. Shakespeare wrote thirty-sevenplays that are all very unique in their style and subject matter. The themes vary anywhere from extreme jealousy to silly humor. Twomajor themes that are apparent in a lot of Shakespeares works are mistakenidentity and jealousy. The idea of mistaken identity as a plotdevice in comedies dates all the way back to the writers, Menander andPlautus, in the Greek and Roman times. Shakespeare borrowed thatdevice and used it to further his plots in his comedies. His artisticuse of mistaken identity is brilliantly used in many of his plays. In Shakespeares comedy, The Comedy ofErrors, mistaken identity is the sole story line of the play. Theidea of asking how one really knows who one is, is introduced, but theproblems that will occur between appearance and reality are not totallyrealized. As Shakespeare begins to write more about mistaken identity,his comic style using this ploy begins to develop more and more. In a very simple form, mistaken identityis shown in Twelfth Night. The twins are mistaken for each otherand this brings about a comic conflict throughout the play. Thissimple form of the plot device is extended when it becomes known that onetwin is actually a girl who would not normally be mistaken for her brother. This is a result because she has resorted to a disguise. Viola disguisingherself as Cessario is a beginning to the double meanings throughout thedialogue that Shakespeare uses as comedy within the playing of the words. When her twin brother, Sebastian, arrives her passive nature is mistakento be his and he is married to Olivia who thinks he is his disguised sister. As an audience member, part of the fun of mistaken identity is the soleenjoyment of trying to keep who is who straight and knowing something thatthe actors do not. Disguise is one of Shakespearesfavorite devices, found in many of his works. Through it he altersthe identity of an individual, which creates an elevated irony, a developedtheme, and an enhanced comic element to the story. In As You LikeIt, Shakespeare, by having characters in disguise, creates an outlet fornew ironies and comic twists throughout the work. The shepherdesswho is in love with the shepherd Ganymede who is really a girl (Rosalind)is one of the comic twists, as well as Orlando sharing feelings of loveto Ganymede who is really Orlandos love Rosalind in disguise. Onceagain the hidden and mistaken identity constructs this plot and furthersits comedy. The entire purpose of mistaken identity can only be accomplishedwhen a disguise is shown in the way to say and experience things in theone identity that can only be accomplished by the altar identity: thisis what composes the comedy within the words. For example, in MeasureFor Measure, the Duke uses disguise and mistaken identit y to reveal thetruth about Angelo, while simultaneously providing comic moments when Luciospeaks of the Duke to the Duke unaware of his true identity. .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .postImageUrl , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:hover , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:visited , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:active { border:0!important; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:active , .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0413964d2387e67c81df8f0159f32fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Psychophysics EssayAnother re-occurring theme throughout Shakespearesplays is jealousy. Perhaps the most outstanding form appears in Othello. It is a classic story of boy meets girl and the jealous lover, only withan extremely tragic ending. Othello and Desdemona are in love witheach other. Iago, the antagonist, wants Desdemona for himself andis extremely jealous of Othello. He plots a scheme to make Othellobelieve that Desdemona was having an affair with Cassio. Withouteven asking Desdemona if it is true or not, Othello kills her by smotheringher. Then, after becoming cognizant of the truth, he kills himself. Jealousy is a hard subject to write and read about because it is an emotionof terror, meaning that it can be extremely dangerous in any situation. Jealousy can produce tragic denouements. Iago says in the play, Ohbeware, my lord, of jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster whichdoth mock the meat it feeds on. Perhaps the theme of Othello isthat it is wise to find out the truth before jumping to conclusions becausejealousy can eat away your heart. The theme of jealousy throughout Shakespearesplays is a great plot device because it is a very universal emotion, whereasmistaken identity is exactly the opposite; it is something we can lookat and know that it would never happen, therefore we laugh. Bothdevices are efficient and produce extremely different reactions. In A Midsummer Nights Dream the jealousy is very differently portrayedthan it is in Othello. Hermia and Lysander are in love, however Demetriusis in love with Hermia as well. Helena is in love with Demetriusand very admirable of Hermia. O, teach me how you look and withwhat art you sway the motion of Demetrius heart. The jealousy inthis play is in its simplest form. Helena is jealous of the lovethat Demetrius has for Hermia and wants his attention turned toward her. This type of jealousy is not even close to the extreme it was in Othello,however it produces the same reaction that it is a universal emotion. Helenas jealousy is more of an admiration, whereas Othello and Iagosjealousy is more of a desperation. Shakespeares use of the two literary devices,mistaken identity and jealousy, are only a suggestion of everything elsehe wrote about in his literature. They are elements within his worksthat reoccur and help in furthering the plot within the story. WilliamShakespeare wrote with many different approaches and about many differentsubjects. The devices he used within his literature are only an additionto the words Shakespeare wrote so beautifully.

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Essay Example

Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation Paper The chemical reactions within yeast are facilitated by enzymes; most enzymes optimal temperature range is warm. The warmer the water, the more the enzymes are in their optimal temperature angle and the more efficiently they catalyst chemical reaction; this makes the fermentation proceed more quickly. In this experiment, the effect of variation of temperature on the fermentation of yeast was tested. If temperature affects the fermentation of the yeast, then the rate of yeast fermentation will change with the different levels of temperature. To perform this experiment the following materials were used: 3 empty, clean water bottles, 3 latex balloons, 3 rubber bands, glass measuring cup (1 -cup capacity), teaspoon, tablespoon, all-purpose flour, granulated sugar, 10 degree Celsius water, 29 degree Celsius water, 43 agree Celsius water, and 3 packets of active dry yeast. To start this experiment, each empty, dry water bottle was filled with one 1/4 ounce packet of active dry yeast, 1 teaspoon of granulated sugar, 2 tablespoons of all-purpose flour, and 1 cup of room temperature distilled water. A latex balloon was then secured on the top of each bottle with a rubber band. 3 glass bowls were filled with water of varying temperatures. One water bottle filled with the yeast solution was placed in a glass bowl at 10 degrees Celsius, one placed in a bowl of 29 degrees Celsius, and the other placed in a bowl at 43 degrees Celsius. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Yeast Fermentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By keeping all glass bowls at their constant initial temperature, observations and results found that temperature does indeed have effect on the fermentation of yeast. The water bottle that was placed in the cold water (10 degrees Celsius) had no change after 20 minutes. The water bottle placed in the room temperature water (29 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes; the solution slightly foamed inside the water bottle as the yeast fermented and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 21 h CM. The water bottle placed in the warm water (43 degrees Celsius) experienced change after 20 minutes as well; the solution created very much foam inside the water bottle (about 2 inches above initial solution volume level) and the balloon inflated to a diameter of 30 CM. The picture above was taken with an phone to show visual results gathered by the experiment conducted. In conclusion, the higher the temperature of the water in the glass bowl, the more fermentation the yeast had.

Comparing Japanese and European Serfdom

Comparing Japanese and European Serfdom Although Japan and Europe did not have any direct contact with one another during the medieval and early modern periods, they independently developed very similar class systems, known as feudalism. Feudalism was more than gallant knights and heroic samurai, it was a way of life of extreme inequality, poverty, and violence. What Is Feudalism? The great French historian Marc Bloch defined feudalism as: A subject peasantry; widespread use of the service tenement (i.e. the fief) instead of a salary...; supremacy of a class of specialized warriors; ties of obedience and protection which bind man to man...; [and] fragmentation of authority- leading inevitably to disorder. In other words, peasants or serfs are tied to the land and work for the protection afforded by the landlord plus a portion of the harvest, rather than for money. Warriors dominate society and are bound by codes of obedience and ethics. There is no strong central government; instead, lords of smaller units of land control the warriors and peasants, but these lords owe obedience (at least in theory)  to a distant and relatively weak duke, king or emperor. The Feudal Eras in Japan and Europe Feudalism was well established in Europe by the 800s CE but appeared in Japan only in the 1100s as the Heian period drew to a close and the Kamakura Shogunate rose to power. European feudalism died out with the growth of stronger political states in the 16th century, but Japanese feudalism held on until the  Meiji Restoration  of 1868. Class Hierarchy Feudal Japanese and European societies were built on a system of hereditary classes. The nobles were at the top, followed by warriors, with tenant farmers or serfs below. There was very little social mobility; the children of peasants became peasants, while the children of lords became lords and ladies. (One prominent exception to this rule in Japan was Toyotomi Hideyoshi, born a farmers son, who rose to rule over the country.) In both feudal Japan and Europe, constant warfare made warriors the most important class. Called knights  in Europe and samurai  in Japan, the warriors served local lords. In both cases, the warriors were bound by a code of ethics. Knights were supposed to conform to the concept of chivalry, while samurai were bound by the precepts of bushido, the way of the warrior. Warfare  and Weaponry Both knights and samurai rode horses into battle, used swords, and wore armor. European armor was usually all-metal, made of chain mail or plate metal. Japanese armor included lacquered leather or metal plates with silk or metal bindings. European knights were almost immobilized by their armor, needing help up on to their horses, from where they would simply try to knock their opponents off their mounts. Samurai, in contrast, wore light-weight armor that allowed for quickness and maneuverability, at the cost of providing much less protection. Feudal lords in Europe built stone castles to protect themselves and their vassals in case of attack. Japanese lords, known as  daimyo, also built castles, although Japans castles were made of wood rather than stone. Moral and Legal Frameworks Japanese feudalism was based on the ideas of the Chinese philosopher Kong Qiu or Confucius (551–479 BCE). Confucius stressed morality and filial piety, or respect for elders and other superiors. In Japan, it was the moral duty of the daimyo and samurai to protect the peasants and villagers in their region. In return, the peasants and villagers were duty-bound to honor the warriors and pay taxes to them. European feudalism was based instead on Roman imperial laws and customs, supplemented by Germanic traditions and supported by the authority of the Catholic Church. The relationship between a lord and his vassals was seen as contractual; lords offered payment and protection, in return for which vassals offered complete loyalty. Land Ownership and Economics A key distinguishing factor between the two systems was land ownership. European knights gained land from their lords as payment for their military service; they had direct control of the serfs who worked that land. In contrast, Japanese samurai did not own any land. Instead, the daimyo used a portion of their income from taxing the peasants to provide the samurai a salary, usually paid in rice. Role of Gender   Samurai and knights differed in several other ways, including their gender interactions. Samurai women, for example, were expected to be strong like the men  and to face death without flinching. European women were considered fragile flowers who had to be protected by chivalrous knights. In addition, samurai were supposed to be cultured and artistic, able to compose poetry or write in beautiful calligraphy. Knights were usually illiterate, and would likely have scorned such past-times in favor of hunting or jousting. Philosophy of Death Knights and samurai had very different approaches to death. Knights were bound by Catholic Christian law against suicide  and strove to avoid death. Samurai, on the other hand, had no religious reason to avoid death and would commit suicide in the face of defeat in order to maintain their honor. This ritual suicide is known as seppuku (or harakiri). Conclusion Although feudalism in Japan and Europe has vanished, a few traces remain. Monarchies remain in both Japan and some European nations, though in constitutional or ceremonial forms. Knights and samurai have been relegated to social roles or honorific titles. And socio-economic class divisions remain, though nowhere nearly as extreme.

The piano Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The piano - Research Paper Example This followed the invention of other stringed as well as keyboard instruments leading to the development of the piano as it is today. Between 1790 and 1800, there were major improvements in piano technology and sound due to industrial revolution as suggested by Siepmann, (10). These improvements included the new and high quality steel referred to as the piano wire and also the ability to cast iron frames in a precise manner. There was also the increase of the tonal range of the piano from the initial five octaves to the seven and as it is found in the modern piano. The modern piano has 88 keys with the hammer mechanism which is used to bring out the sound of the strings and then the keys activate the sounding. The strings are held in a cast iron frame which is heavy enough and then they are passed over a kind of bridge to where the strings are tuned. The most crucial element in the sounding of the piano is the soundboard which is made of spruce. Due to the rise of pitch standard in t he modern piano there are few pianos which are left in the market today. In playing the piano, the greater the velocity of a pressed key, the greater the force of hitting the strings with the hammer hence a louder note is produced. The Impact of the Piano in Other Countries The piano has played a major part in the music industry in the many countries. For instance it importantly used in the western jazz, television, classical music and film production. These applications are also done in other parts of the world. Many countries have produced great pianists and composers. This is because the keyboard of the piano gives an easy way of handling complex as well as harmonic interplay, hence a good tool for composition of music. The piano has led to the establishment of piano manufacturing companies such as Yamaha which are situated in different countries thus creating employment. For instance the victory enterprise in Japan is the mostly known leading exporter of the used pianos in the w orld. The music industries in many countries has also grown and developed due to the use of the piano as a composer machine. The piano drama film was produced in New Zealand as it was acted by a pianist. Individuals from different countries have developed their career in music with the inspiration of the piano. The Central Conservatory of Music (CCOM), a music institute in China has a piano department which is a nation al centre facilitating the teaching, performance as well as research. Hundreds of pianists have been trained who are now teaching in other music schools, research institutes in china and have even won international prizes music competition. With the efforts of Chinese pianists combined with that of the foreign pianists from Russia the CCOM has been able to establish a system of piano teaching embracing the Chinese as well as the western philosophies. The piano industry in Japan has tremendously grown due to the world wide demand for the instrument. Thus companies such as Yamaha and Kawai from Japan are major piano producing companies in the world. Piano manufacturing companies have also been established in Korea for instance the Alex Steinbach pianos which is produced by Samick Musical Instruments Company. This has led to the increased involvement in music and piano training schools in Korea. With the increased development of the piano, German entered the field of