Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Lab Report Example Once the cuvette is filled and bolted. Spot it in the colorimeter and read the main frequency. This will be your base perusing that you use to decide the power of shading in the up and coming readings. When that is perused, you would then be able to clean the cuvette once more. You will get a perusing for each setting on the Calorimeter (430nm, 470nm, 565nm,635nm). You will utilize the least rate perusing and stick with that setting for the length of the test. You will at that point begin utilizing your shading answer for get readings and decide the force of shading. You will start doing this by adding more color to the arrangement. You will begin at 10% and stir your way up to 100% .Each time you add a level of water to the arrangement you will put the cuvette into the calorimeter and read the outcomes. Each time you wrap up the outcomes, clean the cuvette and start to do it again to every other rate. The diagram gives the best fit line, or the straightest line is one that predicts versus focus. This chart in any case, doesn't coordinate the condition of Beer-Lambert’s law. The x-hub of the Beer-Lambert’s condition speaks to the focus while the y-pivot speaks to the absorbance. Lambert-Beer Law is utilized to decide focus [M, mM, or mM] from Absorbance [No unit], if the molar elimination coefficient e [M-1cm-1] of a compound and the way length of the cuvette [cm] that the separation light goes through the arrangement are known. The formulaâ of this relationship: The potential confinements of spectroscopy utilized in this examination are the limitation of spectra and impact of stray radiations that may have made the estimations of absorbance upon cut width and frequency setting and the way that it is unimaginable to expect to know sub-atomic load of substance could likewise influence the examination. The objective of this analysis is to discover the elements that influence the power of shading. This was finished

Parallels Between The Truman Show and Platos Allegory of the Cave Essa

Equals Between The Truman Show and Plato's Allegory of the Cave The film, 'The Truman Show' is about an unscripted tv show that has been made to report the life of a man who, embraced during childbirth by a TV station, is fooled into accepting that his life, his world, is ordinary and the condition that he lives is genuine. It is set in a town called Seahaven, which is basically a reenactment of this present reality comparable enough to the outside world that the review crowd can identify with it. The town is a TV studio inside a colossal arch in which the climate, the sun, the sky, and all the activities of the residents are coordinated by a group of embellishments individuals. The whole show is coordinated and delivered by the maker of the show, Christof. Truman Burbank, the superstar, is the one in particular who doesn't realize that he lives in a monster studio and is encircled by a deception of the real world. The whole world watches Truman's developments twenty four hours per day, seven days per week using a huge number of scaled down shrou ded cameras. The Truman Show intently matches Plato's Allegory of the Cave. At first, Truman is caught in his own 'cavern'; a film set or anecdotal island known as Seahaven. Truman?s excursion or climb into this present reality and into information is like that of Plato?s cavern tenant. Truman, much like the detainees in the cavern, would know no distinction then what they have been instructed or demonstrated to be this present reality their entire lives. In the event that T...

The confidence of Saudi Consumers in the credibility of seasonal sales Literature review - 1

The certainty of Saudi Consumers in the validity of regular deals of worldwide brands - Literature survey Example Current paper centers around the assessment of the impression of Saudi buyers on global brands. Specific accentuation is given on the certainty of Saudi Consumers in the validity of regular deals of global dress brands. The writing distributed concerning this subject is basically dissected intending to recognize the perspectives on Saudi customers on the occasional deals created by the global brands. The presentation of global brands in the Saudi market is inspected; because of the absence of sufficient material on the perspectives on Saudi customers on regular deals, an exertion has been made to cover the important hole by dissecting the models on which the selection of buyers on worldwide brands is based. The procedures utilized by advertisers for expanding the trust of buyers to different items/administrations are additionally investigated. Besides, the global brands of firms working in the attire business in Saudi Arabia are introduced. It is demonstrated that the advertising pro cedures utilized in Saudi Arabia for the advancement of these brands have certain qualities; in addition, it is clarified that the showcasing arrangements utilized in Saudi Arabia for the advancement of these brands are very viable. Noteworthy possibilities exist for additional development of the organizations working in the specific segment of the Saudi market. 2. ... Then again, Fink (2000) takes note of that in each market, the degree of retail deals can be a dependable marker in regards to the customer trust in the specific market (Fink 2000). It isn't clarified however whether there are explicit advertising methodologies that can build the customer certainty, which thusly will prompt the expansion of retail deals. Alluding explicitly to the style division, Hirschbichler (2011) takes note of that the sector’s directors are probably going to utilize two methodologies so as to improve the presentation of their stores, for example increment the quantities of their clients: a) the Quick Response Strategy, a methodology centering in the foundation of a compelling flexibly chain; it is clarified that the above technique is especially important by and by, as demonstrated through the instance of Zara; by receiving the above system the particular firm figured out how to diminish the time required for reacting to the sets of its clients, and its p resentation has been fundamentally expanded. The above technique would be likewise utilized by retailers in Saudi Arabia, as a device for expanding the certainty of their clients in the item/administrations included; b) ‘Collaborative arranging, guaging and replenishment’ (Hirschbichler 2011, p.6), which means the collaboration with different individuals from the group for expanding the adequacy of the methodologies remembering for a specific advertising plan (Hirschbichler 2011, p.6). Between the two systems proposed over, the investigation of Hirschbichler the subsequent one is considered as increasingly viable, covering a significant region of the market. Another part of buyer certainty is introduced in the investigation of Jacobson et al (2001); in the above examination, it is clarified that the best route for expanding

A Look Into The Arts Essay Example for Free

A Look Into The Arts Essay Workmanship is one part of the past that has carried on for quite a long time. Craftsmanship in any structure may it be verse, books, and writer, chiseling just as painting, has been an outlet for ages and keeps on being an outlet and a methods for articulation. This paper will examine â€Å" The Mona Lisa† one of Da Vinci’s most celebrated canvases, just as another extraordinary work of art, Antonio Veneziano’s â€Å"Virgin and Child†(c. 1380). The two artistic creations center around the human structure and display numerous varieties of styles from lines, concealing, shading and potential implications behind the work. The principal bit of fine art that will be looked is from the Renaissance Era. Da Vinci’s â€Å"Mona Lisa†(c. 1519) a canvas that is known far and wide, which has been referred to cause suspicion regarding who is this lady. Did she truly exist? Or then again is this only a self-picture that Da Vinci had the option to show his private dedication for the female structure? The second bit of fine art that will be talked about is from The Middle Ages. Antonio Veneziano’s â€Å"Virgin and Child†(c. 1380) the two bits of work of art come from various periods yet share numerous shared characteristics just as shows the change of craftsmanship methods from Sfumato, to point of view, just as direct viewpoint, Humanism, foreshortening and more between every time. In the Early Renaissance Era, craftsmen from Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael Sanzio, Piero della Francesca, Sandro Botticelli and that's just the beginning, built up an energy and capacity to make craftsmanship that could catch a second may it be a wonderful second or unfortunate second. These craftsmen were likewise capable flash inventiveness and question in the human brain with regards to what is or was and why. Much like the medieval times, workmanship from the two times concentrated on strict structures, humanism, from the limited subtleties of a lock of hair to the muscle tone. The Renaissance time built up the direct point of view to make; profundity and edges in work, however the Middle Ages opened the entryway for straight viewpoint to be made. Most delineations from the Middle Ages indicated a human structure that was hardened and schematic, similar to an unfinished copy that was rarely finished. Anyway craftsmanship from the Renaissance Era profoundly affected European workmanship. Lilian H. Zirpolo (SNHU. Section 8. 2012 FAS 201, Introduction to Humanities I.) Stated â€Å" The upheaval of innovativeness of the time, came about in the most compelling masterful transformation ever to have taken place.† There was so much profundity and thought put into Renaissance workmanship that it was the venturing stone for all who set out to make. Da Vinci’ s the â€Å"Mona Lisaâ⠂¬ (c.1519) holds Miss. Zirpolo’s articulation to be valid. When seeing the piece, one can see the perfect line work and Foreshortening, to straight point of view. This artistic expression demonstrates his meticulousness and his enthusiasm for his work. The â€Å"Mona Lisa† (c.1519) is a little bit of work of art that turned out to be exceptionally mainstream. Right up 'til today the â€Å"Mona Lisa†(c.1519) still triumphs over Michelangelo’s â€Å"Creation Of Adam† (c.1511), which turned into a piece of the â€Å"Sistine Chapel.†(C.1512) When one perspectives â€Å"The Mona Lisa† they can see the dull shading scale that is utilized, maybe to delineate a miserable time. Da Vinci all through this piece can utilize an airborne point of view inside the foundation of this representation. Da Vinci was the primary craftsman to effectively delineate an airborne point of view. Da Vinci likewise utilizes Sfumato in his negative space by mixing, obscuring and mellowing the scene, this method is utilized to make a steady change between territories of various shading, maintaining a strategic distance from sharp layouts, to which I accept was done as to not remove the point of convergence in his positive space of the canvas. Another incredible angle to the â€Å"Mona Lisa† is that is exhibits the craft of science revelations that happened as intended in the Renaissance time frame, which is that they had the option to recognize how the eye sees light, in this way how light responds with hues and how the natural eye adjusts to the adjustment in shading and light. So for what reason is that of any hugeness in workmanship? Well when one takes an artistic creation, for example, the â€Å"Mona Lisa† once can perceive how the shading degree changes to isolate the neck and face from her dress. It makes all the more a reasonable vibe to the craftsmanship. The Middle Ages then again centered around two-dimensional arrangements, their portrayals of people were fragile and firm, and the human artistic expression was inactive. (SNHU. The Middle Ages. 2012 FAS 201, Introduction to Humanities I.) Like craftsmanship from the Renaissance, they likewise centered a great deal around Religion, holy person hood and people. Truth be told it portrayed the significance of people dependent on the size they were painted or etched. It concentrated on ladies and God, as the two were vital at that point. Lady we terrified and providers of life and love, their excellence was unwarranted and they were treasured. God was the god-like and the person who made an actual existence structure that lady were there to carry on the convention, as it were. Is it accepted through the Bible and studies that Jesus was naturally introduced to this world as a marvel from a virgin. So Antonio Veneziano’s â€Å"Virgin and Child†(c. 1380) maintains that conviction and leaves space for conversation. In the early occasions of God and Mary and the introduction of Christ it was accepted that Immaculate Conception was conceivable, as pre-military sex was a wrongdoing. So to have portrayals of such a scene may make one marvel in the event that it was at all conceivable at one point in time. This image portrays a Virgin mother indulging her infant, both are imagined with a â€Å"halo† over their heads which means the significance of their religion and the acknowledgment of religion into their life as well as into Gods life. As should be obvious here just as in the â€Å"Mona Lisa† there is a difference among light and dull as to isolate the two bodies and recognize the Virgin from the Child. In a sincere belief in the shading decision of the Virgin when contrasted with the Child, I would state that light hues are utilized for the kid since he is brought into the world unadulterated and liberated from wrongdoing, where as the Virgin is with transgression and accordingly wears a dull robe. Workmanship from the medieval times delineates strict occasions, since it was the premise of life at that point. Most workmanship from that time were finished by specialists who either decide to or must be mysterious, they we generally two dimensional bits of fine art with a solitary shading foundation, which when taking a gander at Antonio Veneziano’s â€Å"Virgin and Child†(c. 1380) one can perceive how this, the foundation is principally one shading, it has been concealed to show detail in the radiance and designer, yet holds near the standard for Middle Aged time craftsmanship. Despite the fact that the composition is set fourth to show a characteristic posture of a mother and youngster, the line work and scrupulousness in the human structure needs. This artistic creation however an all around painted, mixes the line work of the bodies causing the figures to appear to be practically awkward in their stances. The hues utilized in this artistic creation may hint an un happier time for the two, as dull hues will in general speak to appalling, sorrowful and disappointed occasions. As should be obvious the â€Å"Mona Lisa† from the Renaissance and the â€Å"Virgin and Child† from the Middle Ages, share numerous likenesses as far as their impressions of people. The two times center their craft around humanism, strict, two and three dimensional centerpieces, the incubating used to make profundity and more measurements. Both the Renaissance and the Middle Ages have totally different methods of executing the exactness of the human structure. The Renaissance gave close consideration to detail, the line work that is delineated in the human structure is normal and exact, and where as craftsmen from the Middle Ages who painted people were firm and unmoving. Despite the fact that the two Eras have incredible show-stoppers, it was the Renaissance that had to a greater degree a balanced and optimistic method of executing their work, in this manner making it one of the better Eras for craftsmanship. Assets Page: SNHU. Part Seven The Middle Ages. 2012 FAS 201, Introduction to Humanities I. SNHU. Module Eight The Renaissance, Reformation and Age of Exploration.† 2012 FAS 201, Introduction to Humanities I.

Business Ethics of Tiger Automotive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Ethics of Tiger Automotive - Essay Example The current investigation would concentrate on Tiger Automotive that has a unique item that has the upside of having the patent for an eco-friendly gadget, and simultaneously, the item is helpful to the shopper as it increment the normal car’s mileage by about 45%. All the more critically, the patent right shields the company’s item from direct rivalry subsequently a total imposing business model in the market which implies the organization is a value provider. This has brought about the item being valued at  £45 despite the fact that the complete expense is  £1. The moral issue depends on overpricing item. In any case, an administrator is confronted with the issue of keeping up the ethical standard of embracing activities that would be desirable over the personal circumstance of the organization of amplifying benefits without considering the enthusiasm of the open particularly the buyers. This predicament is upheld by the way that the association is answerable for its corporate demonstrations that radiates from decisions and activities of human people, who are the essential bearers of good obligations and duty of the association and its demonstration. This is a target that is upheld by Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’, which bolsters this as a moral method for accomplish the best personal circumstance of the partners. Simultaneously, Tiger Automotives has the monetary duty of producing the best benefits for the organization and advantages for society relying upon the Pareto optimality whereby the business sectors are completely serious, all clients are completely educated and all outside and inside expenses are completely included. In a similar light, Tiger Automotives has the lawful prerequisite of making the move that completely conforms to the law. This is on the grounds that the law in a popularity based society speaks to the insignificant good norms of the considerable number of individuals inside that society, if it ver y well may be demonstrated that the personal circumstances of the different gatherings including people, gatherings and associations have been remembered for the detailing procedure. Utilizing the prerequisites and obligations clarified over, this situation makes a moral predicament for the director. Morals as characterized by Velasquez (2001) can be seen to be the investigation of profound quality and good guidelines. The ethical standard that the chief is confronted with is embracing activities that would be desirable over the personal circumstance of the organization of augmenting benefits without considering the enthusiasm of the open particularly the shoppers. By placing their enthusiasm for front of the enthusiasm of the partners, it is flawless to express that the chief has an ethical difficulty because of the way that the association is liable for its corporate demonstrations that radiates from decisions and activities of human people, who are the essential bearers of good o bligations and duty of the association and its demonstration. In any association, its business morals practices ought to be outfitted towards propelling good norms as they apply to business strategies, organizations, and conduct. As indicated by Velasquez (2001), business morals need to incorporate investigation of good standards and qualities. Thus, its usage ought to be in its training particularly in fundamental and corporate issues that are moral and are worried about individual, society and associations. The supervisor, while going about as an operator of the organisatio

Coles supermarket Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Analyse the business environment for Coles supermarket chain. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background Coles is a national supermarket chain; liquor, fuel and convenience retailer in Australia. It was acquired in 2007 by Wesfarmers, â€Å"a diversified Australian company with strong, established market positions and recognised brands with the objective of delivering satisfactory returns to shareholders† (Wesfarmers, 2013, p.4).. According to Wesfarmers (2013), Cole’s sole purpose has been to give the Australian people a shop they can trust, to deliver quality, value and service. The main sources of business include the following: 756 full service supermarkets 810 liquor outlets fewer than three brand and 92 hotels 636 fuel and convenience stores More than 99,000 team members As of 2013, according to Wesfarmers (2013), Coles operating results and drivers were: Revenue of $35.8 billion, up 4.9 per cent EBIT of $1,533 million, up 13.1 per cent Return on capital of 9.5 per cent, up from 8.7 per cent Total food and liquor sales growth of 5.5 per cent and comparative store sales growth of 4.3 per cent Over four years of industry outperformance Continued investment in customer value funded from cost reductions and business efficiencies Continued investment in product quality particularly fresh categories Ongoing transformation of the supply chain Launch of 90 more stores in renewal format and opening of 6 larger format stores and net space growth of 1.6 per cent Good progress on multi-channel initiatives including trials of new Coles Online website Growth in financial services including Coles Insurance and flybuys loyalty program Strong customer response to fuel offers and better range and value in the convenience store network 1.2 Scope and Approach This essay takes a critical look at the company, its current position, the internal capabilities, and its external environment, and considers strategic changes necessary to ensure Coles maintains its traditional offering of long term value creation. In developing this Business Analysis for Coles, the following tools have been used to assess present and future performance of the company: Situational Analysis, PEST Analysis, SWOT Analysis, 5 Forces Analysis Furthermore, this essay gives consideration to the current growth strategies adopted by the company and questions if these practices are the best options going forward, for delivering sustainability of the group’s strategic framework. 2.0 Situational Analysis 2.1 Internal Market Audit According to its 2013 sustainability report, Coles’ business focused on six key areas to improve its sustainability: Training and development of its team Customer trust in the produce range, value and quality Water savings and energy efficiency of the stores Workplace safety Supporting the local communities in which we operate Working with suppliers to further develop strong sustainable relationships. 2.1.1 Present Business Review Wesfarmers’ â€Å"operating model is focused on ensuring each of its Group’s divisions has a very strong management capability and day-to-day operational autonomy, overseen by divisional boards and a well-established Group-wide framework where governance processes are coordinated over a 12-month operating cycle. This approach encourages strong accountability for operating results and assurance in areas such as: Strategic planning, Budgeting and monitoring of performance; Risk management, including internal audit and insurance protection; Group-wide human resource management systems such as executive remuneration and share schemes, talent development and key role succession planning; Centralised statutory accounting, tax, treasury and legal support.† (Wesfarmers 2013, p. 6) Coles’ revenue in 2013 was $35.8billion, an increase of 4.9 per cent from the previous year. Its five year financial history report (See Appendix1) shows a steady growth in revenue generation. â€Å"Coles delivered earnings growth of 13.1 per cent to $1,533 million, building on the 16.3 per cent and 21.2 per cent earnings growth in the 2012 and 2011 financial years respectively† (Wesfarmers 2013, p. 3). Figure 1: Five year Revenue Increase Source: Adopted from Wesfarmers 2013, Annual reports. Coles’ proposed strategies and prospects are to: Embark on second wave of transformation with a focus on quality, service and value. And take advantage of further store renewal opportunities, supply chain transformation and operating efficiencies; as well as investment in category innovation, Coles brand and development, multi-channel integration and a tailored loyalty offer and a culture of continuous improvement. â€Å"In 2013, the Coles turnaroun d strategy produced strong trading results by improving quality, service and value. The business continued to out-perform the industry and successfully completed the final year of a five-year turnaround plan† (Wesfamers, 2013, p.25) 2.1.2 Customer Analysis From its various outlets nationally Coles handles more than 19 million customer transactions a week. Coles claims its customer-focused strategy continues to improve in efficiency and productivity, while investing in lower prices, delivering better quality through its ‘Australian First’ sourcing policy and developing a stronger store base through new store openings and renewing existing stores contributed to it steady revenue growth as the financial indicators have shown. â€Å"The transformation of Coles since its acquisition has progressed with operational efficiencies and continued fund reinvestment in price. As well as a sustained turnaround of the business, providing benefits for consumers, suppliers and employees for the past five years thus, delivering a much stronger platform for future growth† (Wesfarmers 2013, p.25). 2.1.3 Financial Analysis As of the last 2012/2013 financial year, Coles was able to generate earnings before interest and Tax (EBIT) of $1,533m as can be seen in figure 2 below. Figure 2: EBIT Source: Adopted from Wesfarmers 2013 Financial Reports. Tables 1 2 below show the key financial indicators and Coles’ performance over the past few years. Table 1: Key Financial data Coles 2012 2013 Revenue $m 35,780 34,117 Earnings before interest and tax $m 1,533 1,356 Segment assets $m 20,367 19,940 Segment liabilities $m 4,145 3,676 Capital employed $m 16,114 15,572 Return on capital employed % 9.5 8.7 Source: Adopted from Wesfarmers 2013 Financial Reports Table 2: Key Financial Indicators For the year ended 30 June 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Revenue ($m) 28,799 30,002 32,073 34,117 35,780 Earnings before interest and tax ($m) 831 962 1,166 1,356 1,533 Capital employed (R12) ($m) 15,140 14,886 15,018 15,572 16,114 Return on capital employed (%) 5.5 6.5 7.8 8.7 9.5 Capital expenditure ($m) 606 683 840 1,218 1,181 Source: Adopted from Wesfarmers 2013 Financial Reports. As reported in the Wesfarmers 2013 Financial Reports and shown in table1 above it can be observed that, for year 2012/2013, Coles has generated a healthy return on capital employed (ROE) of 9.5%, and improvement from 8.7% for the previous year. An increase in capital expenditure and liabilities has been due to the company’s support for net capital investments across the Group. This is up to an increase of $1.5 billion to $1.9 billion in 2014. â€Å"The group also managed strong credit ratings with Moody’s Investor Service upgrading Wesfarmers’ issuer and senior unsecured long-term debt rating from Baa1 (positive) to A3 (stable) consistent with the Group’s credit rating from Standard and Poor’s of A- (stable)†¦ It settled all outstanding debt in the name of the Coles group and continued to neutralise the dilution that would otherwise have occurred from the Dividend Investment Plan and Employee Share plans†(Wesfarmers 2013, p. 13). Interests, income and expenditure are however not allocated to operating segments at Wesfarmers. This type of activity is managed on a group basis. Revenue and earnings of various divisions are also affected by the effect of high seasonality such as, for the retail divisions like Coles, earnings are typically greater in the December half of the financial year due to the impact of the Christmas holiday shopping period on the retail business. 2.2 External Market Audit Given the nature and scale of Coles’ business, the impact of macro and micro forces on its operations is considered to be relatively large compared to the standard in the industry. The external market has been assessed based on PEST analysis and Competitor analysis. 2.2.1 PEST Analysis To explore how the macro environment has impacted the supermarket chain industry and Coles specifically, a PEST analysis has been used, which consists of Political, Economic, Social and Technology factors as shown below. Figure 3: PEST ANALYSIS – Coles Group Ltd Source: Author. i. Political Factors The supermarket chain industry attracts a great deal of attention from the government, non-governmental organizations and even advocacy groups. Due to the size of the industry and how significant a component of the economy and social welfare of countries it is, it has trigged debates on the future and current state of the industry on a global basis. The industry is mature in many countries and in Australia, it is considered a ‘duopoly’, which is a market situation where â€Å"two companies own all or nearly all of the market for a similar product or service† (Kumar Sharma 1998, p.229). With regards to Coles and the supermarket chain industry in Australia, the political situation as described in the preceding paragraph holds true. According to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Australia is one of the largest importers of grocery products and its a key contributor to the economy of neighbouring countries. Coles is also an equal opportuni ties employer which provides equal employment opportunities nationwide. Coles also sources products responsibly and contribute positively to the communities in which it operates. Other political factors that have an impact can include: Government initiatives and subsidies for local produce and foreign export policies Legislation for local farmers’ protection Market deregulation for foreign groceries to compete ii. Economic Factors The Supermarket chain industry is a high-risk industry, which requires a substantial strategic planning process, customer satisfaction and significant investment. To compete many companies have pursued alliances and joint ventures with shared facilities and outright buy outs to maintain the cost. The global recession of the past years has also had a significant impact on smaller retailers and the supermarket industry as a whole. Other economic factors that have had an impact include: Rise in currency rates Competition from developing countries Competitor rivalry Mergers and Acquisitions of big players Market seasonality and trade cyclesSupplier and customer drivers iii. Social Factors Aging populations and longer life expectancies, changing taste, healthy living styles and specific dietary requirements have increased demand for more organic food, and have been an important factor in the growth of new brands. In the US and UK, greater life expectancy will depend on diet, exercise and a positive attitude to life and increasing knowledge, according to Newell et al (2006). The Australian government’s plays an important role in promoting exercise, healthy living and a positive culture, which in effect can reduce consumption of certain brands and product demographics for Coles. iv. Technological Factors Increased use of the Internet has helped to reduce media costs and also made room for increase innovation in the supermarket chain industry. Coles has capitalised on the internet to continue to develop its online sales platform which has thus managed to attract interest from younger audiences and increased sales significantly. 2.2.2 Competitor Analysis 5 Forces The Five Forces model developed by Michael Porter provides a frame work to identify the competitive nature of an industry. Even though extremely subjective, a broad Five Forces analysis indicates that competitive rivalry within the supermarket chain industry is medium in Australia. Figure 4: Porter’s Five Forces Model Source: Author Based on the research and competitive analysis carried out and relative to Porter’s five analyses as shown in figure4, it can be observed that: As a known fact that, â€Å"Australia’s grocery markets is one of the most concentrated in the world, Woolworths and Wesfarmers (owner of Coles) account for almost 80% of supermarket sales, 60% of alcohol retail, 50% of petrol retail and 40% of all retail in Australia† (Ethical Consumer Group 2014). With their large market share they have and continue to exert considerable influence over suppliers and make the playing field extremely tough for much smaller independ ent retailers such as IGA, Foodland, 7-Eleven, Lucky 7, BP and several other liquor retailers. See figure 5 below. Figure 5: Australian Grocery Market Share Source: Ferrier Hodgson Ferrier’s Focus May 2011 from Wesfarmers and Woolworths annual reports 2010, NARGA November 2010 Report, Master Grocers Australia December 2010 Thus, Coles has only one major competitor – Woolworths; and a few direct competitors such as Aldi and Metcash. These four, Coles inclusive make up the big players in the industry. With each of them having a different and unique operating model, competitor rivalry is therefore high to medium. The market concentration of private label brands from these giants have been blamed for Australia having the fastest rising grocery prices in the developed world. Threat of substitution is therefore also high to medium because there are only four main competitors with similar prices. This is the same reason why customer bargaining power is me dium to low, and threat of market entry to compete with the big four is very low. Other competition therefore can only come from local harvests, independent grocers and small supermarkets and recently Costco. 3.0 SWOT Analysis As a result of the internal and external market audits undertaken, a complementing SWOT analysis for Coles’ group will help to evaluate areas of strength, weaknesses, growth opportunities and threats for the company. Results are shown in figure 5 below: Figure 6: SWOT Analysis for Coles Group Source: Author 4.0 Conclusion In conclusion, there are no real threats or key issues for Coles presently except for the recurrent price wars with its major competitor and concerns about the sustainability of these battles. With continuous market dominance however, leading to Australias powerful supermarket duopoly, this could be termed as inhospitable and leaving consumers to revel in cheaper staples. A key to survival of any business is the need to increase revenue and reduce dependence upon financing via debt bearing instruments. Coles, in respect to these strategic options is already in the process of developing new initiatives by reducing its debts and focusing on quality, service and value. Coles is in the forefront of innovation by taking advantage of further store renewal opportunities, supply chain transformation and a strategic approach to improved operational efficiencies and continued fund reinvestment in price. Reference List Ethical Consumer Group 2014, viewed 08 May 2014, www.ethical.org.au/get-informed/issues/supermarkets-in-australia/ Kumar, R Sharma, R 1998, Managerial Economics, New Delhi: India Atlantic Publishers Distributors Newell, RG, Jaffe, AB Stavins RN 2006, ‘The effects of economic and policy incentives on carbon mitigation technologies’, Energy Economics, vol. 28, p. 563 – 578. Wesfarmers, 2013, Wesfarmers Annual Report 2013. viewed 08 May 2014, https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/14/144042/wes/WESFARMERS%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202013.pdf Bibliography Brownlee II, ER, Ferris KR Haskins ME 1990, Corporate Financial Reporting: Text and Cases, Boston: BPI/Irwin, Grant, RM 2010, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 7th edn, West Sussex, UK.: John Wiley Sons Ltd, Johnson, G, Scholes, K Whittington, R 2009, Fundamentals of Strategy, Essex, England: Pearson Education Kruger, C, Greenblat E Butler, B 2012, ‘Its all shelf interest in a price war’, Sidney Morning Herald, 21 April, viewed 08 May 2014, https://www.smh.com.au/business/its-all-shelf-interest-in-a-price-war-20120420-1xcms.html#ixzz31Bc7Z5gu Mableson, T Stewart, J 2011, Supermarket shootout: Will the independents survive?, Ferriers Focus, p.2. Porter, ME 2004, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: Free Press,. Slack, N, Chambers, S, Johnston, R Betts, A 2009, Operations and Process Management: Principles and Practice for Strategic Impact, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Essex, England. Stuart Alexander 20 14, viewed 09 May 2014, https://www.stuartalexander.com.au/aust_grocery_market_woolworths_coles_wholesale.php Wickham, PA 2004, Management Consulting Delivering an Effective Project, 2nd edn, Essex, England : Pearson Education Zehner, D Sanders, M 2012, The new reality for grocery suppliers in Australia, Bain Company, viewed 14 May 2014, https://www.bain.com/offices/australia/en_us/publications/new-reality-for-grocery-suppliers-in-australia.aspx Appendix : 5 year financial History All figures in $m unless shown otherwise 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Summarised Income Statement Sales revenue 59,422 57,685 54,513 51,485 50,641 Other operating revenue 410 395 362 342 341 Operating revenue 59,832 58,080 54,875 51,827 50,982 Operating profit before depreciation and amortisation, finance costs and income tax 4,729 4,544 4,155 3,786 3,803 Depreciation and amortisation (1,071) (995) (923) (917) (856) EBIT 3,658 3,549 3,232 2,869 2,947 Finance costs (432) (505) (526) (654) (951) Income tax expense (965) (918) (784) (650) (474) Operating profit after income tax attributable to members of Wesfarmers Limited 2,261 2,126 1,922 1,565 1,522 Capital And Dividends Ordinary shares on issue (number) 000s as at 30 June 1,157,194 1,157,072 1,157,072 1,157,072 1,157,072 Paid up ordinary capital as at 30 June 23,290 23,286 23,286 23,286 23,286 Fully-franked dividend per ordinary share (declared) (cents) 180 165 150 125 110 Financial Performance Earnings per share (weighted average) (cents) 195.9 184.2 166.7 135.7 158.5 Earnings per share growth 6.4% 10.5% 22.8% (14.4%) (9.0%) Return on average ordinary shareholders equity (R12) 8.9% 8.4% 7.7% 6.4% 7.3% Fixed charges cover (R12) (times) 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.2 Net interest cover cash basis (R12) (times) 12.2 10.8 9.5 6.8 5.0 Financial Position As At 30 June Total assets 43,155 42,312 40,814 39,236 39,062 Total liabilities 17,133 16,685 15,485 14,542 14,814 Net assets 26,022 25,627 25,329 24,694 24,248 Net tangible asset backing per ordinary share $4.69 $4.45 $4.12 $3.61 $3.13 Net debt to equity 20.2% 19.1% 17.1% 16.3% 18.3% Total liabilities/total assets 39.7% 39.4% 37.9% 37.1% 37.9% STOCK MARKET CAPITALISATION AS AT 30 JUNE 45,936 34,846 36,913 33,171 26,337 Source: Adopted from West farmers 2013 Annual Report

Employee Training and Development, Cultural diversity - 1375 Words

Employee Training and Development, Cultural diversity, Legal implications (Essay Sample) Content: CourseNameUniversityEmployee training and development An organization is likely to expand its horizons if cultural diversity is encouraged within it. Providing employees from different backgrounds with a platform to share their ideas and business practices with a company has its advantages. First, it becomes easier for a business to solve the problems affecting it. A company is also likely to keep growing as different ideas that help in its development is brought up. When they are adopted, a company can be able to reach out to other clients who require such services, from those backgrounds and cultures. Adopting new business practices enables a company to reach out to new markets. On the employees level, it reduces monotony at the workplace. Employees can undertake new and fun activities that motivate them to work harder and thus be more efficient and productive at the workplace.Cultural diversity demands that no prospective employee shall be denied an opportunity by their background. This includes race, ethnicity, color, religion, among others. When presented with equal opportunities, people from different cultures can work in the same company and deliver efficiently, as long as they have the required skills. Good performance in the workplace is not informed by a persons culture. For this reason, it is important to come up with a cultural diversity training course.Providing a cultural diversity training course is an important thing to do today. This is because of globalization in the world today (Lum Tehranian, 2006). However, in drafting a good cultural diversity training course, ethics and the law must be followed to the latter. This paper examines the ethical as well as the cultural issues of this work, which comprise of the legal implications in coming up with a training course that deeply talk about culture and the laws regarding set of laws has to be taken care of.There are legal consequences that come up when one creates a training c ourse that examines culture. First of all, the law prohibits discrimination against employees or customers by their sex, age, culture or religion. Training an organizations employees in areas of cultural diversity saves an organization from scandals and lawsuits emanating from differences in culture. For example, an employee may discriminate a client by their race. Once the customer files a lawsuit, it will be difficult for an organization to drag its reputation out of the case and blame the individual employee responsible. To avoid this, cultural diversity training is crucial for any company.Legal implications refer to the results of being involved in an issue, as determined by the law. They can be positive or negative. A positive effect of conducting cultural diversity training is that a company can serve the clients equally. Employees who are taught about the advantages of having a diverse culture at the worker place are more tolerant than those who have not. They can understand that customers are bound to be different. They get to know that the needs of the clients are varied and, therefore, learn to offer the best services to the customers. Clients who are happy with the service delivery of a company are likely to seek more services from the said company. This aids in the retention of customers and more referrals to an organization from satisfied clients. Another positive impact of cultural diversity training is that it promotes teamwork in an organization. In organizations that are made up of an employee from various backgrounds, teaching the benefits of cultural diversity is crucial. Employees are instilled with more cooperative attitudes. This makes them well-equipped to work towards the set goals. They can relate well despite their social differences at the workplace. Respect is paramount, and when it is present at the workplace, conflict is not likely to emerge. Employees treat each other with respect despite their cultural differences. They learn to appreciate these differences as they come with various strengths. When these strengths are combined, more efficiency leading to high productivity is noted at the organization.Some laws and regulations need to be adhered to in the creation of a cultural diversity training course. One such law is the law on equality. The Equality Act 2010 should be adhered to. A trainer should aim to impart knowledge to all. There should be no room for discrimination. No one should be treated differently due to their age, gender, ethnicity, race or religious beliefs. The skills that are imparted to people of sound health and body are the same skills that should be given to the physically disabled people. People should not be given conflicting knowledge depending on who they are in the society. A trainer should never withhold information from an individual due to their race (Landau Beigbeder, 2008). Another law is the Freedom of Worship. The trainer should not discriminate any trainee by their religi on. The trainees should not be given the wrong information about a particular religion. This will enhance discrimination among them. Instead, they should be taught about the importance of cultural diversity. There are a lot of things to learn from each other due to the differences people bear, and this has more advantages than disadvantages when examined from a positive angle.Demographic diversity refers to the notable differences among a certain population from other groups of people. For example, the demographic population can be made up of people of a particular age group, race or religious faith. Demographic diversity of the workforce in an organization affects planning of different forms of cultural diversity. This happens because everyone demands respect for their culture. Therefore as a trainer, I need to treat each demographic population with equal measure (Landy Conte, 2010). The impact of demographic diversity in the employee position shows that relationship between the r acial and ethnic minorities of the general people involving woman in the high rank positions; manager, is noticed to be negatively regulated in relation the total employee work satisfactions. Racial as well as ethnic classes of employees are mostly satisfied with the positions they hold in any organization. This happens when there is a form of hierarchy with a lot of levels in an organization. In this case, it can be noticed that that there is no high demand in the gender diversity when it comes to job satisfaction that concerns men and woman which are obviously found. Also, the rate of diversity moderates the association of gender diversity, however, when procedures of justice are followed, it will indicate that leadership in an organization puts employees under moderation (Landy Conte, 2010).Demographic diversity can also affect discussions on culture if members of a particular group feel that their background is better than that of others. This should be discouraged. Workers sho uld be taught that no culture is superior to another, and neither culture is inferior. The cultures should co-exist in an environment that views them as equal, for this will bring about more advantages to the organization (Landy Conte, 2010).There ethical implications that should be considered in creating a cultural diversity training course. Ethics such as equality should be given priority. No culture should be idolized as all are equal. Trainees should not be forced to believe that one culture is superior to another. Instead, they should be taught to understand that diversity...

The Definition of Deviance Amplification

Deviance amplification is a process, often performed by the mass media, in which the extent and seriousness of deviant behavior is exaggerated. The effect is to create a greater awareness and interest in deviance which results in more deviance being uncovered, giving the impression that the initial exaggeration was actually a true representation. Leslie T. Wilkins originally reported on the process of deviant amplification in 1964 but it was popularized by Stanely Cohens book  Folk Devils and Moral Panic,  published in 1972. What Is Deviant Behavior? Deviant behavior is a broad term because it covers anything that goes against social norms. This could mean anything from minor crimes like graffiti  to more serious crimes like robbery. Adolescent deviant behavior is often a source of deviance amplification. Local news will sometimes report on a something like a new teen drinking game, implying it is a popular trend instead of the actions of one group. This kind of reporting can sometimes start the trends they were reporting on although each new act will add credence to the initial report.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deviant Amplification Process Deviant amplification usually starts when one act that is either illegal or against social morals that wouldnt normally be worth of media attention becomes newsworthy. The incident is reported on as being part of a pattern. Once an incident becomes the focus of the media, other similar stories that normally wouldnt make the news fall under this new media focus and become newsworthy. This begins to create the pattern that was initially reported on. The reports can also make the action seem cool or socially acceptable, leading to more people to try it, which reinforces the pattern. It can be hard to prove when deviant amplification is happening because each new event seems to validate the initial claim.   Sometimes citizens will pressure law enforcement and government to take action against the perceived  deviant threat. This can mean anything from the passage of new laws to harsher punishments and sentences on existing laws. This pressure from the citizens often requires  law enforcement to put more resources into an issue that it actually warrants. One of the main problems with deviance amplification is that it makes a problem seem much larger than it is. Which in the process can help create a problem where there was none.  Deviance amplification can be part of a moral panic but they do not always cause them.   This hyper-focus on minor issues can also cause communities to miss larger issues they need to be focusing attention and resources on. It can make social issues harder to solve because all of the focus is going to an event that was artificially created. The deviant amplification process can also cause certain social groups to be discriminated against if the behavior is tied to that group.

Virtue and Prince - 4449 Words

The Prince is concerned with autocratic regimes Autocracy regime Regime autocracy a mode or system of rule or government of or relating to an absolute and unrestricted ruler a ruling or prevailing system. domineering or dictatorial a government in power. Wikipedia The Qualities of a Prince (Chapters 14-19) Each of the following chapters presents a discussion about a particular virtue or vice that a prince might have, and is therefore structured in a way which appears like traditional advice for a prince. However the advice is far from traditional. [edit] A Princes Duty Concerning Military Matters (Chapter 14) Machiavelli believes that a princes main focus should be on perfecting the art of†¦show more content†¦Machiavelli says this required inhuman cruelty which he refers to as a virtue. Scipios men, on the other hand, were known for their mutiny and dissension, due to Scipios excessive mercy - which was however a source of glory because he lived in a republic. [edit] In what way princes should keep their word (Chapter 18) Machiavelli notes that a prince is praised for keeping his word. However, he also notes that a prince is also praised for the illusion of being reliable in keeping his word. A prince, therefore, should only keep his word when it suits his purposes, but do his utmost to maintain the illusion that he does keep his word and that he is reliable in that regard. Therefore, a prince should not break his word unnecessarily. As Machiavelli notes, â€Å"He should appear to be compassionate, faithful to his word, guileless, and devout. And indeed he should be so. But his disposition should be such that, if he needs to be the opposite, he knows how.† As noted in chapter 15, the prince must appear to be virtuous, and should be virtuous, but he should be able to be otherwise when the time calls for it; that includes being able to lie, though however much he lies he should always keep the appearance of being truthful. [edit] Avoiding contempt and hatred (Chapter 19) Machiavelli observes that most men are content as long as they are not deprived of their property and women. A prince should command respect through his conduct, because aShow MoreRelatedThe Transformative Works Of Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince ( 1532 ) And Thomas More s Utopia1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe transformative works Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince (1532) and Thomas More’s Utopia (1516) display vastly different opinions and perspectives on the relationship between virtue and politics, however some minor similarities between the two works can be noted. The Prince and Utopia create significant contributions to political theory offering different central claims on virtue and its relationship with politics. Another major point of difference between the two texts is the place that war hasRead MoreMachiavelli And The Apology Of The Prince1718 Words   |  7 Pages Machiavelli writes The Prince centuries after Plato documents Socrates in Crito and The Ap ology. Despite the different time periods, both Machiavelli and Socrates experience times of turmoil where the concept of democracy was questioned. However, the different time periods cause the views and purposes of Machiavelli’s writing to largely differ from Socrates. Machiavelli writes in a time of turmoil where Italy was a bunch of small, fragmented states and when the Medici’s struggled to regainRead MoreMachiavelli s The Prince And The Discourse Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesbook which called The Prince. It is about the political ideology of Machiavelli s political realism, which means the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. In this book, he talks about the importance of the concept of virtà º. He claimed that rulers have to suppress their personal virtues while sometimes committing improper acts in order to maintain powers and protect their principalities. In Discourses, Machiavelli becomes to extols the virtues of a republi c. In generalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli1192 Words   |  5 PagesHumanist, wrote  The Prince  as a guide for his own prince, Lorenzo De Medici, to promote himself into the political arena of Italy. He analyzed power and the way Italy could become its own state and keep control. His extensive explanations were driven by his own fascination with power and his desire for an independent Italy. The Prince expresses the effectual truth of things and the idea that a prince must not be just and fair when coming into power, but follow their own virtue and intelligence toRead MoreEssay on Princely Power1621 Words   |  7 PagesNiccolo Machiavellis The Prince contains a very unique section entitled Princely Virtues in which Machiavelli takes on a how-to approach in regards to becoming a prince. The instructional qualities of the novel lead its reader to create in themselves an image of not the most virtuous, but in Machiavellis eyes, the most effective princ e. In the selections found in chapters 15-26, Machiavelli teaches his intended princely students the necessary political skills that a prince must possess in order toRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli : Virtues And Virtue1122 Words   |  5 Pagesdeadly mistake. The truth will uncover to whether the prince was virtuous or faking virtue. When a mistake appears, and the true self reveals. A prince could achieve complete virtue only through a sinless life. Dante depicts a soul as being virtuous by living a pure life and avoiding eternal death in the afterlife. To reign profitably, it is necessitating for a prince to have virtue. Virtue in return, will benefit him in the current and afterlife. Virtue is the moral understanding of something beyond theRead MoreMachiavelli and Morality Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesWhen reading Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince, one cant help but grasp Machiavellis argument that morality and politics can not exist in the same forum. However, when examining Machiavellis various concepts in depth, one can conclude that perhaps his suggested violence and evil is fueled by a moral end of sorts. First and foremost, one must have the understanding that this book is aimed solely at the Prince or Emperor with the express purpose of aiding him in maintaining power. Therefore, itRead MoreThe Source of a Princes Happiness and Misery in Augustine’s City of God and Aquinas’s On Kingship and Machiavelis The Prince1459 Words   |  6 PagesAugustine’s City of God and Aquinas’s On Kingship ideas on how a prince should rule contrast with Niccolo Machiavelli’s described The Prince. Augustine breaks down the true source of a prince’s happiness as revolving around God while Machiavelli focuses on the prince’s material lusts. In On Kingship, Aquinas describes the sources of a prince’s misery being suspicion, jealousy and lust. Machiavelli disagrees, saying those emotions makes a prince happy. Augustine talks about a prince’s happiness in bookRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince999 Words   |  4 Pagesa result, he was held in jail for three weeks and was tortured brutally. After his release, Machiavelli began writing The Prince, a book that outlines in a very straightforward and logical manner how a prince should procure and maintain his princedom. Though he is seemingly expressing his thoughts about how men should approach their journey to princedom in his book, The Prince, there is an underlying cynical discernment about the dark shadow of human nature, perhaps a perception that stemmed fromRead MoreEssay about Plato vs Machiavelli1052 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli, the distinction of virtue versus virtu sticks out like a sore thumb. Virtue was the political bases for Plato: All men should behave virtuously at all times. Whereas Machiavelli believed virtu was the basis for political prowess. What was best for the state as a whole was the main concern, and the ends always justified the means. Plato’s object was the creation of a utopian society--a civilization that abhorred war and centered itself upon moral virtue and honor. He saw war as evil;

Holding Parents Responsible for the Anti-Social and...

Holding Parents Responsible for the Anti-Social and Criminal Behaviour of their Children The case for holding parents responsible for the anti-social and criminal behaviour of their children has been long disputed. This essay will assess whether parents should in fact be held responsible or whether the child should be punished for their behaviour. Many areas will be discussed, the first of which will be the historical context of criminalizing motherhood. The first issue in this section is whether family factors, such as poor parental supervision, are an influence on behaviour as investigated by researchers such as the Committee for Investigating the Causes of the Alarming Increase of Juvenile†¦show more content†¦The final theory to be discussed will be ‘control theory’ first thought of by Hirschi et al in 1969. They sought to explain delinquency by the â€Å"failure of social bonding processes† (Maguire et al, 2002: 521). The argument for and against parent orders will be examined as single mothers and mothers in general are being drawn into the criminal justice system and whether they are truly to blame needs to be looked at. In 1816, the Committee for Investigating the Causes of the Alarming Increase of Juvenile Delinquency in the Metropolis stated that inadequate family discourse was to blame for delinquency, it was in their report that the term ‘juvenile delinquency’ was first used . This included the neglect of parental authority, permitting absence form school and disproportionate severity in punishment (University of California, 2004). I think that this is still the case today as if children are absent from school, they get bored and turn to criminal conduct to keep themselves occupied. Also if parents do not discipline children properly when they are young, they will not learn correctShow MoreRelatedChild Development And Its Effects On Children2377 Words   |  10 Pagesalarming number of children around the world who are convicted for various crimes are usually deprived of their needs and rights and held in detention without sufficient care. While the condition stresses on the im provement of these children, still there are issues of severe deprivation. Moreover, most of them are not been liked and yet are being held for months, often without access to legal aids, resulting that the majority of children come to conflicts with law. Some of these children are from the disadvantagedRead MoreSafeguarding Children3698 Words   |  15 Pagesthe Wellbeing of Children and Young People. Question 1 We use legislation, guidelines and policies and procedures to safeguard children. It is important that we use these guidelines as it does affect the way we treat and protect children in our care. Here are some guidelines, legislations and policies and procedures: * The children Act 1989 for England and Wales * The children Act 2004 * Children Order 1995 – Northern Ireland * Working together to Safeguard Children 2006 * KeighleyRead MoreJuvenile Deliquency in Ibadan, Nigeria15127 Words   |  61 Pagesassociated with development. These includes; poverty, rapid population growth, unemployment, urbanization, industrialization, inadequate shelter and housing, youth unemployment, and under employment, breakdown of the family unit, inadequate provision of social services and inability of the educational system to respond to new challenges. From the word â€Å"juvenile delinquency†, â€Å"juvenile† means young people while delinquency means young offenders that are guilty of minor crime or misdeed. 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Ofsted keeps two childcare registers; the Early Years register (for children from birth to Preschool age five) and the Childcare register (for school ages five to eight years). To register a number of legal criteria must be in place; Valid PaediatricRead MoreHow to Safeguard the Well-Being of Children and Young People6459 Words   |  26 Pagesthe well-being of children and young people 1.Understand the main legislation guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people 1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people Polices and procedures for safeguarding and child protection in England and Wales are the result of the Children Act 1989 and in Northern Ireland of the Children (Northern Ireland)Read MoreEntitlement And Provision For Early Years Education4717 Words   |  19 Pagesearly intervention and childcare for all children under the age of five years old. Nursery schools are predominantly attached to a Surestart centre, which work with children and parents providing education for both, full day care provision, parenting advice, and health and family support, or to a primary school. Where as pre schools and playgroups are normally privately owned and operated, offering childcare, play and education activities. Since 2004 all children in the UK aged 3 and 4 years old haveRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesbattlefield between supernatural forces of good and bad Deviance = sin Cause and cure of deviant behaviour in the realm of the supernatural Deviance has cosmic consequences 1. Harmful to victims 2. God 3. The entire cosmos Two paths to Demonic Deviance Temptation Model: Individuals are tempted and persuaded by the devil Path of position (possession): Individuals lacks choice, not responsible for actions. The solution to this possession is exorcism How to diagnose the Handiwork of the DevilRead MoreImpact of Socio-Economic and Cultural Changes on the Personality Development of Adolescents8858 Words   |  36 Pagesstrata of the socio-economic system owing to the first moving cultural transformation and globalization. Social changes may be defined as the significant alteration of social structures (patterns of action and interaction) including consequences and manifestations of such structures embodied in norms, values, cultural products and symbols. It occurs in families, communities, nations and in all social institutions. More importantly, it is observed with greater concern that these changes are creating anRead MoreEssay on Cyp 3.310914 Words   |  44 Pagessafeguarding ofChildren and young people. Nspcc Nspcc is providing help and support for children who are in poverty or in danger and make a difference for all children. UK is registered with Nspcc and gets help for children who are in the country. They provide service, advice, support, campaigning and education activities for children. The NSPCCs local services will concentrate on important issues and groups of children most at risk: †¢ those who experience neglect †¢ physical abuse in high-risk families

The Maturation of Bilbo Baggins Essay - 1382 Words

In the fantasy novel The Hobbit, by J.R. Tolkien there are a lot of obstacles the character Bilbo Baggins has to confront. Throughout the book Bilbo seems to take on different challenges, which allow him to mature faster in a way that the Shire would not allow. In the Shire, Bilbo was just a normal hobbit who minded his own business and was never late for dinner. But after Gandalf and the dwarves came knocking on his door, his whole life seemed to change in an instant and it kept changing in a way that Bilbo had no control over. The farther that Bilbo moved through this journey the more he opened up to the world. At the shire Bilbo could have been considered a child in some ways because, he knew of no evil that existed outside of his world†¦show more content†¦The next metamorphosis was in the troll chapter when Bilbo had to steal from the trolls in order for the group to survive. First off Bilbo has never stolen before or even tired to steal from anyone. But because the tro lls feel Bilbo is a burglar they pressure him to steal from the trolls. Seeing how Bilbo is not skilled at this at all he messes up. He felt he needed to bring something back from the trolls so he tried to pick pocket one of the trolls, unknowingly this troll has a talking wallet. So in the end Bilbo gets caught and ends up getting all the trolls caught. Again Bilbo is trying to prove himself to the dwarves, so by trying to get past the goblins in the coming chapters he gets hurtled into a hole and ends up in a dreary under land with Gollum. Here Bilbo has a riddle competition with Gollum in order to try and win his help with getting out of the wet and damp cave. When Bilbo finally tricked Gollum and found the ring that turned him invisible. He now had to escape; in doing this he ended up following Gollum out to the exit and then jumping over him. No great leap for man, but a leap in the dark. Straight over Gollums head he jumped, seven feet forward and three in the air; indeed, had he known it, he only just missed cracking his skull on the low arch ofShow MoreRelatedA Dog s Head By Jean Dutourd1454 Words   |  6 Pagesdocuments the evolution of a characters’ identity, and how these characters are often changed by their experiences. In the novel The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkein, the main character Bilbo embarks on an adventure which expands his identity and knowledge in terms of what form of identity fits him best, either Took or Baggins. In the novel A Dog’s Head by Jean Dutourd, the main character Edmond, who has a body of a human and the head of a dog, goes through a constant struggle of whether to identify withRead More The Unexpected Journey Essay2259 Words   |  10 Pagesbelonged to the hobbit, Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo, the protagonist of the story, lived a simple, happy life and wouldn’t want to chang e a thing. He dreaded anything unexpected; when a wizard named Gandalf came looking for someone to go on an adventure, Bilbo tried all he could to avoid joining. Unfortunately for him he found himself traveling with thirteen dwarfs and a wizard on a quest to take back their stolen treasure from a fierce dragon. Near the beginning of their journey, Bilbo was quite vulnerableRead MoreThe Forest in Folk and Fairy-Tales3104 Words   |  13 Pages‘Myrkvior’ (dark wood) forests through which heroes must proceed with caution. (Page: 1990: 111) These older associations have coloured more recent fantasy, Tolkien deriving his own ‘Mirkwood Forest’ from the Norse name and sending his protagonist Bilbo Baggins to get lost and found in its depths. ‘Mirkwood is not an invention of mine, but a very ancient name, weighted with legendary associations†¦from the beginning weighted with the sense of gloom.’ (Humphrey: 1981: 43) * Into this dangerous literaryRead MoreBilbo Baggins (The Hobbit) and Meggie Folcharts (Inkheart) Journey to Maturity2271 Words   |  10 Pagesthis transformation from leaving their ‘homes’; Bilbo and his hobbit hole in Bags-End, and Meggie and her father, Mo, and her beloved books. Both are attached to their ‘homes’, and feel anxious and lonely without them, Bilbos and Meggies journeys are how, when seperated from their homes, they perservere through their insecurities and doubt and become stronger and more self-reliant by the end of their respected texts. 1. Bilbo Baggins Bilbo Baggins’ hobbit hole is his happy home, where for fiftyRead MoreHobbit Shake Guide6595 Words   |  27 PagesChapter One: An Unexpected Party Summary We are introduced to hobbits and to Bilbo Baggins, a stay-at-home, utterly respectable hobbit with a secret desire for adventure. Bilbo receives a visit from Gandalf the wizard. The next Wednesday Gandalf returns for tea, bringing with him a party of thirteen dwarves led by Thorin Oakenshield. Despite misgivings on both sides, on Gandalfs recommendation the dwarves hire Bilbo as Burglar on an expedition to the Lonely Mountain, where they plan to recoverRead MoreEffects of love relationship on the academic performance10274 Words   |  42 Pagesfor the help and reminders they have imparted and for the cheers that made him feel happy despite the hectic and stress-full schedules. To Katniss Everdeen, Peeta Mellark, Gale Hawthorne, Charlie, Sam and Morrie, Legolas of the Woodland Realm, Bilbo Baggins, Thorin, Gandalf, Monkey D. Luffy, Shanks le Roux, and Aragorn Elassar for being an inspiration for him not to give up with all the challenges and to bring out the best that he can be. To his loving parents, Mr. Pedro and Celeste Caliwara,

Behind the Mind of a Serial Killer Essay Example For Students

Behind the Mind of a Serial Killer Essay Behavior is sometimes defined as the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. But what is it that effects our behavior? What allows us to think the way we think behave the way we behave act the way we act? Could it be the way a certain individual is brought up, and how this person was raised? Or does it have more to do with biological design of the human mind? Could certain people simply have a certain type of behavior coursing through their veins? How does one explain the behavior of a serial killer? In the this paper, I will attempt to show the difference between the psychopath and the psychotic, and explain how the environment, upbringing, and treatment of serial killers led them to become who they are today. Most serial killers can be placed in one of two categories: the psychopath and the psychotic. Psychotics are clearly insane, and fail to perceive reality correctly. However, very few serial killers fall into this category. Most serial killers can be placed in one of two categories: the psychopath and the psychotic. Psychotics are clearly insane, and fail to perceive reality correctly. However, very few serial killers fall into this category. Most serial killers have an elaborate scheme, or method of going about things. They think things through evaluate what the situation could bring to them. This stems from a long line of abuse/intolerance/dysfunction during their early childhood years. Many people may even go so far as to view certain serial killers as geniuses, in the respect that their actions are so well thought out, so very carefully planned. These types of serial killers would fall under the psychopath category. A psychopath, also known as a sociopath, does not suffer from a mental illness, wherein their biology and genes have nothing to do with the way they are. A psychopath, rather, suffers from a severe form a character flaw, again, resulting, most probably, due to the way they were brought up, their environment, and the way they were treated mistreated by family, especially that of the immediate kind. One thing to note about the psychopath, however: the majority of the time, they realize the crime they are committing is wrong. This does not concern them, however, as they feel their need to kill and punish is greater than any rule or law. (1994, Serial Killers, Time Life Book) Psychopaths are usually very clever, very deceitful, and very normal upon first glance. They look like everyone else, and behave like everyone else when in the company of others. Deep into the depths of their mind, however, they are working up an elaborate plan on how to catch their prey tonight. They have a need to kill, and an elaborate scheme to fit the pieces of the puzzle. Their need to kill stems from the way they were treated in the past. Some serial killers hold a resentment towards their parents, fathers in particular, who dismissed them from their lives, or abused and harmed them when they were children. Take, for example, John Wayne Gacy. During Gacys late teens, he suffered some turmoil with his father, although relations with his mother and sisters were very strong. John Wayne Gacy, Sr. was an abusive alcoholic who physically abused his wife and verbally assaulted his children. Although John Sr. was an unpleasant individual, young Gacy deeply loved his father and wanted desperately to gain his devotion and attention. However, his father would drink himself to a stupor and physically and verbally abuse young Gacy. He would call him a queer and a mamas boy, and seemingly avoided his son at all costs. Unfortunately, Gacy was never able to get very close to his father before he died, something which he regretted his entire life. (www.crimelibrary.com) This type of behavior, presented to a child at a young age, is bound to stir up some troubled emotions. .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 , .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .postImageUrl , .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 , .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423:hover , .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423:visited , .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423:active { border:0!important; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423:active , .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423 .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3cdc094450abee467c46f4e2bcd42423:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dea sea scrolls imperfection Essay Gacy was to never get over his father calling his only son a queer. During a three-year period, Gacy would go on to viciously torture, rape and murder over 30 young boys, who would later be discovered buried under the floorboards of his home. Another notorious serial killer whose killings were based on major events that occurred to him during his adolescent years is the infamous Ted Bundy. Bundy grew up with a family of all women. He never knew .

Literary Insperation of the Holocaust Essay Example For Students

Literary Insperation of the Holocaust Essay Why do the survivors of such a tragic event such as the Holocaust want to remember those horrifying times by writing about memories that most people would only want to forget? I will show, Weisel has talked about, and as others have written, that the victims of the holocaust wrote about their experiences not only to preserve the history of the event, but so that those who were not involved and those who did survive can understand what really happened.They wanted the people of the world to realize how viciously they were treated. On top of wanting us to understand, they also want to understand why this happened. Why did the Lord let this happen? Why did the people of the world stand by and let such a thing happen to so many people? Today in the 90s we cannot think of letting so many people suffer, as those seven million people did in the mid-40s. Perhaps the most recognized writer of the holocaust is Elie Wiesel. He was taken from his home and put into the concentration camps when he was still a young boy. Wiesel once said, I write in order to understand as much as to be understood. He was liberated in 1945 and, once he was liberated he imposed a ten-year vow of silence upon himself before trying to describe what had happened to him and over six million other Jews. In a lecture on the dimensions of the holocaust Wiesel said, The Holocaust as Literary Inspiration is a contradiction in terms. As in everything else, Auschwitz negates all systems, destroys all doctrines. They cannot but impoverish the experience which lies beyond our reach. How can one write about a situation which goes beyond its very description? How can one write a novel about the Holocaust? How can one write about a situation and not identify with all its characters? And how can one identify with so many victims? Worse, how can one identify with the executioner? How could a victim say I in the place of his killer? Furthermore, how can one convince himself without feeling guilty that he may use such events for literary purposes?Weisel says that any survivor who has told the story of their experiences in the Holocaust cannot tell the whole story, or people will think that they are crazy. Most novelists of this category, or most writers, seem to have followed the same pattern. Viewing literature as a way to correct their friends, to their families, to their own childhood and to their people (Weisel 8). Some of the victims of the Holocaust realized how important it was to keep a record of the events of the time. Chaim Kaplan wrote in his diary on January 16, 1942, The whole nation is sinking in a sea of horror and cruelty. I do not know whether anyone else is recording these daily events. The conditions of life which surround us are not conducive to such literary labors. Anyone who keeps such a record endangers his life. But it doesnt alarm me. I sense within me the magnitude of this hour and my responsibility to it (Weisel 9). Another entry in Kaplans journal on the date of July 31, 1942, he said, My powers are insufficient to record all that is worthy of being recorded. Most of all I am worried that I may be consuming my strength for naught. Should I too be taken, all my effort will be wasted. My utmost concern is for hiding my diary so that it will be preserved for future generations. As long as my pulse beats I shall continue y sacred task (Weisel 10).Weisel later goes on to recall the words of Professor Simon Dubnow, as he was led to the execution place in Riga with his community, turned to his companions and urged them, Open your eyes and your ears. .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 , .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .postImageUrl , .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 , .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0:hover , .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0:visited , .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0:active { border:0!important; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0:active , .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0 .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88f9e4eae679ef4e1f5c183e43914cd0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Meaning Behind Alien Abductions Essay Remember every word, every gesture, every outcry, every tear. He was killed but his words remained. Somebody remembered these words. Eugene Heimler, a psychiatrist, a young Hungarian Jewish boy, wrote in he memoir, There were messages I had to deliver to the living from the dead. There were

Technology Evolution in The Modern Society

The modern society is being greatly reshaped by the rapid developments in information technologies where it is evident that computers, telecommunications networks, and other related digital systems have combined to increase people’s capacity to know, achieve, and even collaborate (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Technology Evolution in The Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The presence of these technologies has motivated people to participate in activities of transmitting information more quickly and widely, connecting distant locations and creating global communities that almost one and half decade ago, such experiences were unimaginable (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009). Notable is the fact that information technology is uniting people through different forms while at the same time integrating cultures and creating new social dyna mics. Information technology is further resulting into formation of closely bonded and widely dispersed communities of people who largely are united by their desire to transact business or just sharing experiences and pursuing academic and knowledge goals (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009). Numerous areas of humankind world are being transformed and affected by information technology such as the business, media, education, security, and many more. Particularly in business, information technology enabled through IT communication, electronic service networks and multimedia continue to contribute to new and effective means of processing business transactions, integrating business processes, transferring payments and delivering services electronically (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009). Thus, E-commerce has evolved to become a unique developmental product of information technology advances in business, which is tremendously changing business fronts and operation in t he entire world.Advertising Looking for term paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More E-Commerce Electron commerce is regarded an emerging concept which among other variables involves the process of buying and selling or exchanging pf products, services and information through the use of telecommunication and computer support system networks largely involving the internet. E-Commerce has received numerous definitions as a concept that continues to undergo changes. For instance according to definition provided by I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited (2009) e-commerce refers to, â€Å"the electronic means of conducting commerce between business communications and transactions over the internet† (p.179). Accordingly this definition suggest that e-commerce involves â€Å"buying and selling over the internet, electronic fund transfers, smart cards, digital cash and all other ways of doing business over dig ital networks† (I. T. L. Education Solutions Limited, 2009, p.179). According to Janice Reynolds, e-commerce has evolved as the mainstream that is enabling businesses to sell products and services to consumers on a global basis hence e-commerce can be seen as the platform upon which new methods to sell and to dispense innovative products and services electronically are tested (Reynolds, 2004). Kalakota and Whinston (1997, cited in Bushry, 2005) define e-commerce concept using different perspectives such as follows. Communication perspective- where e-commerce is seen to constitute the delivery of information, products or services, orders and payments over telephone lines, computer networks or any other electronic means. Business process perspective – which on the other hand postulates that, e-commerce is the employment of technology towards automation of business transactions and workflow. Service perspective – which holds that e-commerce constitute a tool that fu lfills the needs and desires of companies, customers and management with aim of reducing the transaction costs while at the same time being able to excel in quality of goods and services and further be able to increase the speed of delivery.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Technology Evolution in The Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly, an online perspective on its conviction state that e-commerce possess the ability and capacity to for buying and selling products and information mainly on internet and other related online services (Bushry, 2005). E-Commerce has also been defined by Reynolds (2004) to comprise the paperless exchange of business information by largely using electronic data interchange, electronic mail. Electronic bulleting boards, electronic funds transfer, World Wide Web, and other network-based technologies (Reynolds, 2004). At the same time, e-commerce apart from automa ting manual processes and paper transactions again contribute and helps organizations to move fully to electronic environment thereby modifying how businesses operate. E-commerce has widely affected the world and business in numerous ways and the impacts are likely to accelerate in future as new innovative developments takes place. E-commerce today continue to exert concerted positive and negative influence on world economy, global markets, international trade, financial markets, and many more sectors of business (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, 2005). As the world continues to benefit from industrial activities, internet will continue to shape the world in form of e-commerce activities. In general, e-commerce involves moving organizations from dormant traditional environment to full electronic environment that in turn leads to â€Å"change in their work procedures, reengineering their business processes, integrating them with their business partners beyond their traditional boundaries† (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, 2005). Observation is that, e-commerce has revolutionalized the way business is conducted, as modern businesses have been intricate and complex.Advertising Looking for term paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transactions at the same time are involving several global trading partners located in different parts of the world, and to effectively handle these complexities and interdependences of business processes, the role of e-commerce has become important since it is able to knit different organizations objectives or goals through a viable electronic environment. From these literatures, e-commerce concept has been summarized by two groups: The Aberdeen Consulting Group and Giga Group. According to the Aberdeen Consulting Group, e-business which is used interchangeably with e-commerce constitutes, â€Å"the application of electronic network technologies to transform business processes† (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, p.20), while Giga Group defines e-business as, â€Å"the application of electronic network technologies to transform business processes† (Bajaj, Nag and Bajaj, 2005, p.20). E-Commerce and Business Business organizations both small and large have inevitably embraced intern et for the delivery of numerous information-based services. Due to its numerous potentials and opportunities organization, especially those involved in business activities continue to appreciate the internet in a variety of tasks (Botha, 2004). A business to full benefit from numerous aspects of internet has to go through certain but key stages: first, there is exposure stage, where the organization utilizes the technology mainly for electronic brochure and bulletin board. This is done to provide information to the company’s clients. Second, there is the interaction stage, which is a point where the internet is viewed as the link between the firm and the customer; here, the internet is perceived to be a communication channel and it becomes integral component in the operation of the organization. Third, there is the e-commerce stage, where internet is believed to have evolved and become part of the economic bloodline of the company generating need for new operational procedure s, financial management and marketing skills. In essence, a part from conducting communication with the organization using the internet the customer is at the same time able to purchase goods and services through the internet. The organization reacts to these by ensuring that adequate facilities to facilitate purchased products by customers and subsequent delivery are done effectively using the internet. Lastly, there is the e-business stage, where business is able to expand from its internal-focus role to exploitation of new market opportunities and in this way the internet become vital and useful in influencing the organization and business unit strategy (Botha, 2004). E-commerce constitutes five major types that continue to dominate modern business world: Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B), Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C), Peer-to-Peer (P2P), lastly, Mobile commerce (m-commerce). Primarily, Business-to-Consumer type of e-commerce entails the applications that †Å"provide interface from businesses directly to their consumers† (Sun and Finnie, 2004). Consumers are the main target of the business goals and objectives where electronic transactions in marketing, ordering and paying, and sometimes after sales service takes place more easily without requiring the consumer to move to the physical location of the product (Sun and Finnie, 2004). Most businesses have resorted to B2C e-commerce in order to attract new customers, reach new markets, and promote products and services (Sun and Finnie, 2004). Business-to-Business (B2B) on the other hand comprises the largest form of e-commerce in modern market. Modern companies associate and interact in business aspects of selling, negotiating, and contracting business products and opportunities through the web. E-commerce in this type (B2B) is used to improve communication within the organization and reduce costs while at the same time increase efficiency of business processes (Sun and Finnie, 2004) . Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) form of e-commerce on the other hand benefit consumers as it eliminates the hurdles of intermediaries. C2C Websites have been designed to enable consumers to have that ‘direct’ dealing with other consumers and these websites constitute online communities, free personal classified pages, and auction houses (Sun and Finnie, 2004). In modern world, e-bay found at www.ebay.com is a clear form of C2C e-commerce application that has gained popularity among consumers. Consumers open their own stores at e-bay.com where they are able to display and sell all their products in e-bay stores (Sun and Finnie, 2004). With advances in internet technology C2C traditional distance has become zero and communication largely free, an opportunity regarded to benefit and complement B2B e-commerce and B2C e-commerce in future. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) e-commerce constitutes new form of modern e-commerce concept that in its operation is characterized by lack of centralize d control (Mitchell and Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2005). P2P e-commerce has become popular due to its ability of being file-sharing networks, and providing means of distributing mostly copyrighted materials (Mitchell and Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2005). Nevertheless this form of e-commerce has been drawn back largely by lack of addressing security issues which is further compounded by conflict that arise with requirement to provide anonymity for users and increasing need to provide forceful access control, data integrity, confidentiality and accountability services (Mitchell and Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2005 ). The last type of e-commerce is mobile commerce. Mobile phones have become popular and constitute widely used mobile devices (Lim and Siau, 2003). Mobile phones especially those that are GSM enabled have become vital facilitating mobile commerce. Other mobile devices that are becoming important in mobile e-commerce include palmtops, and PDA, w hich are accelerating mobile e-commerce (Lim and Siau, 2003). Mobile e-commerce enables the users to conduct electronic commerce activities using their mobile devices and the e-commerce activities include obtaining marketing and sales information, receive ordering information, make purchase decision, make payments, obtain the product or service, and finally receive necessary customer support (Lim and Siau, 2003). Mobile e-commerce continues to get acceptance due to its convenience of being available anytime and anywhere. On overall e-commerce role in most businesses cannot be ignored or underrated. It is clear that businesses have grown and expanded as a result of e-commerce. Smaller business have been presented with opportunity to compete bigger and established businesses on equal grounds and business activities and operations have defied geographical barriers to establish in new markets and regions as a result of e-commerce (Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008). Therefore, e-commer ce contribution to business has resulted into extended hours of operations for the business, geographical barriers have been broken, online tenders and contracts are enormous, business costs have drastically reduced, competition continue to be transparent, lastly, weak and inefficient middlemen have been eliminated (Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008). E-Commerce and Technology As evidences show, it would be impossible to have electronic business without technology. Technology for e-commerce has originated in the use of internet and other computer networks to fulfill goals of online buying and selling, electronic funds transfer, business communications and other activities that involve buying and selling goods and services online (Zhou, 2004). The use of internet and other information technology techniques, which in wide sense constitute e-commerce has become an important part of meeting the needs and wants of consumers while the company benefits by gaining profit. Technology usage by companies has resulted in companies achieving greater value from e-commerce. In essence, companies with appropriate and superior technology infrastructure coupled with efficient human resource adopt e-commerce more easily than those lacking these aspects (Kraemer, 2006). Analysis of e-commerce adoption in developed and developing countries indicate that it is the technological readiness that account as the strongest factor influencing adoption of e-commerce. Technology is seen to be relative diffuse in developing nations while integrated in developed nations (Kraemer, 2006). E-commerce is further influenced and affected by the digital divide where in the past access and utilization of technology was confined in a small group of rich people. The masses especially in developing and least developed countries were left out leading to their inadequate acquisition of technology. This has hampered their effort to be part of the global community appreciating and enjoying the benefits of e-commerce (Wahab, 2003). As such, what is needed is a well-orchestrated scheme that enhances to incorporate the developing and least developed nations into the mainstream of technological learning and training, which in turn possess the capability to transform the larger society into embracing e-commerce. E-Commerce and Society Society is one at the receiving end of technological products. People in the society are the ones facilitating and at the same time benefiting from technology. Nevertheless, people do not just act as passive consumers of technological products but also largely participate in influencing and directing invention and adoption of various technologies. Different people in different regions of the world hold specific and unique values and norms, which has power in shaping and controlling the direction of information technology usages (Thanasankit, 2003). Adoption of technology and to extent e-commerce has been facilitated through language and communication. Techno logy development and adoption tends to take place within the functioning capacities of economy, political, legal, social, religious, and education institutions. On overall these institutions and structures affect or influence the level, propensity, type and period for invention and subsequent adoption of particular technological products. On overall the use of e-commerce has been associated with specific potential problems that emanate from issues to do with customer perception and cultural orientation, fear of loss of personal data, linguistic obstacles, difficult in integrating data and the high cost associated with adopting and running e-commerce technology (Reynolds, 2009). Transparency, global and efficiency of e-markets Electronic markets can be said to be still infant and online exchanges are yet to gain considerable acceptance especially by those in developing and less developed societies. Nevertheless, electronic markets are seen to possess the potential to â€Å"reduce tr ansactions costs, add product and pricing transparency, generate market liquidity, and facilitate bidding by a broad spectrum of potential suppliers in a standardized platform† (Zhu, 2002 cited in The Gale Group, 2004, p.1). Accelerating activities of electronic market, internet is seen to be at forefront in generating improved and flow of information (Kemerer, 1998 cited in The Gale Group, 2004). Electronic markets in this sense is seen to constitute a platform on which information is collected, synthesized, availed and circulated among various suppliers and consumers. The rise of electronic markets has resulted in creation of huge information with regard to products, prices, transactions, and competitors. As a result of this, information in electronic markets has become more transparent as compared to traditional convectional markets (The Gale Group, 2004). According to Zhu (2002), information transparency can be seen as, â€Å"the degree of visibility and accessibility of information† (The Gale Group, 2004, p.1). Benning (2007) notes that, the movement of the markets from their traditional form and location to the screen has been accompanied by numerous key developments. E-commerce in relation to electronic markets is changing the overall markets in the global perspective are organized, analyzed, quoted and priced (Benning, 2007). Transactions costs have been eliminated in turn has led to increase in trading volumes, prices have become more transparent and much easier to obtain and markets further react with increasing speed to new information (Benning, 2007). According to Mandorf (2008), electronic markets have become foundations of e-commerce when the possibilities of internet economy with regard to initiation, negotiation, and handling of contracts have been made easy by informational systems. Electronic markets have been characterized to reflect: virtual meeting rooms where suppliers, customers ‘meet’, and these rooms are indep endent of location and time; electronic markets have greatly contributed to improvement of market transparency since they are able to relieve suppliers and consumers into getting relevant information. Compared to traditional markets where markets were largely full of disequilibrium of information between supplier and consumers, which could in turn be used to gain undue competitive advantage; electronic markets have resulted into reduction of transaction costs as compared to traditional markets; lastly, electronic markets are more open providing a larger international audience (Mandorf, 2008). According to Loebbecke, electronic markets as compared to traditional markets are relatively low in prices that in turn include low margins (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). As a result of this, the market is further seen to be more transparent exercised by suppliers, customers and products (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). Electronic markets pool numerous offers from the world and these offers can be found online a nd consumers have the opportunity to sample and compare potential suppliers of products or services on the internet which in turn leads to lower transaction costs (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). Transparency of the electronic market is further boosted by the utilization of search tools where at the same time competition among suppliers cause constant pressure on market prices and demand for extra services to be delivered (Loebbecke, n.d, p.1). Eugene Fama in 1970 developed the efficient market theory, which in essence is based on the economic theory of price equilibrium that originates from the interface of forces of supply and demand (Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Generally, in an efficient market, information in great depth is available in terms of accessibility and cost and is handed to stakeholders at about the same time (Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Electronic markets consists of inter-organizational information systems, which support and facilitate seller-buyer information commu nication regarding products and services (Bakos, 1991 cited in Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). As the internet continue to grow in great measures many expert and analysts’ predictions points to the fact that e-markets will continuously results into reduction of information asymmetry thereby paving way for price convergence operating at the lowest competitive level (Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Why much confidence in reduction of information asymmetry? Many authors who have written on e-markets efficiency express that lower search costs and availability of information in great measure through the internet reduction information asymmetry and opportunistic behavior, should be seen to be main reasons leading to efficient e-markets (Alba et al., 1997; Bakos, 1997; Bailey, 1998 cited in Grover, Lim and Ayyagari, 2006). Globalization of e-markets is taking place at a first rate. E-markets are seen to be escalating into interrelated hubs of online exchange that pledge economies of scale that are greater than separate exchanges (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). Due to expansion of e-markets into global scene, marketplace operators are viewed to be prepared to offer services such as â€Å"automated real-time credit, connections to shipping and logistic providers, and integration with enterprise resource management and inventory systems† (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000, p.1). As such, e-markets are fast becoming global supply-chain centers aimed at ensuring that businesses are all-round efficient; for instance, Oracle has in place Oracle Exchange, which is a horizontal e-marketplace in which majority of companies are able to buy and sell non-production goods and services (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). Globalization of e-markets has further expanded to initiate and facilitate online financing, supply chain planning, and collaborative design (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). Global companies such as Daimler Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors have moved numerous steps forward to integrate their online purchasing activities. Through the global e-marketing plan, the companies have formulated their operations in form of business-to-business exchange in which the overall aim is to enable them and other automakers to easily buy materials for constructing automobiles while at the same time collaborate with other partners (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). The advantages to which most companies are attaching their aim of globalization of e-markets emanate from the numerous advantages e-markets holds. For instances e-markets reduce costs for business buyers as a result of increased choice and price competition while at the same time giving sellers a new and modified profitable channel for delivering inventory (Foley, Bacheldor and Wallace, 2000). E-market rise: role of push or pull factors? E-commerce and to extend e-markets have evolved to permit almost every aspect of human daily life. As from 1990s when internet bec ame more popular among business and individuals, its utilization has is felt in almost all aspects of human sphere. Internet technologies have resulted into increased productivity; maximize convenience and improved communication in most parts of the world (Anonymous, n.d, p.1). Online banking, online payment, online buying, and selling are just some aspects that have been produced by growth of technology. In other words, internet, and to extent technology, has become integral to daily lives of many people and organization. However, few years back the growth of and acceptance of internet technologies was not hot issue as it is today and the likely question that may be asked is why? The answer to this considering the numerous information technology literatures available is that the necessary information infrastructural development that is evident today was not available (Anonymous, n.d, p.1). Put it simple the supportive infrastructural for adoption of internet technologies was limite d by lack of necessary infrastructures. However, as time lapsed, more information technologies gadgets found their way in people’s home, and individuals’ technological knowledge and experience increased. At the same time, most companies acquired more technologies, which apart from addressing the internal business issues and needs were seen to have the capacity of enhancing business operations and growth through e-commerce. Therefore, as consumers’ needs arose for more internet products and services businesses were left with no alternative, except aligning and incorporating consumer needs with the business objectives and capacities. Therefore, the intense pressure for the development of e-markets was a direct response from outside pressure emanating from consumers and internal business pressures to adapt to efficient and more reliable technologies. Push factors emanated internally in form of need to compete effectively in the market with other equally well-placed competitors and this required businesses to adopt efficient and sophisticated technologies. At the same time to leverage competitive advantage companies were forced to become innovative in inventing online business activities, this was due to need to ease consumers need to move to physical locations, expand business with disregard to geographical barriers, reduce costs and largely increase consumer base. These needs prompted most businesses to embrace online markets. On the other hand, consumers were becoming more informed, wanted to reduce transactional costs related to information search, wanted convenience and wanted to be part of global citizens, as a result they preferred and demanded for prefect forms of market they would operate with easiness. This resulted into development of e-commerce and subsequent electronic markets. Today markets are seen to be driven by consumer choice and in turn the consumer choice affects and influences the company’s strategy. What is being observed is consumer need-based business model which is rising in the marketing and replacing the older model which was push-based model (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). In the push model companies have upper hands in making decisions while the pull model put much emphasis on the customer to make decisions which in turn translate and directs the company’s strategy. Pull model, also known as ‘demand-driven model’ postulate that today technology has empowered a large population to search and utilize information more faster which in turn is used in making key purchasing decisions (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). Once the information has been searched it is translated into preferences where consumers use it in becoming more conscious about choice. As consumers demonstrates caution in relation to preference it becomes the duty of the company to translate the consumer wants and needs into appropriate products and the company that take early lead in doing this is able to ga in competitive edge over its rivals (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). The pull model dictates a need for: supporting increased variability; reduced lead times; improved quality and lower unit cost; operation excellence; and comprehensive performance measures for control purposes (Kalakota and Whinston, 1997). In summary today consumers are seen to be pushing sellers to the wall demanding lower processes and prices, better and improved quality, and large selection of in-season goods. In return sellers are reacting to these demands by working hard to improve, reducing operational costs, reducing cycle times, buying more wisely, and making a lot of investments in technology. In short, e-markets have risen and expanded from both internal push factors and external pull factors which are further likely to influence future growth of technology in businesses. Conclusion For the last two decades, technology has transformed humankind world. From its slow development and acceptance in early 1990s to its current vibrant use in the 21st century it can be said with confident that technology will inevitably remain part of human’s society growth and expansion. Notably, information technology through internet has revolutionalized the marketplace through the electronic market (e-markets). Electronic markets are growing at a faster rate, which in turn has resulted into the transparency, efficiency, and globalization of the e-market. Consumers and sellers are able to interact in virtual rooms, anywhere in the world and at any time. This has resulted into convenience on the part of consumers while enabling businesses to increase their product. Nevertheless, e-markets are yet to be embraced by greater population of the world although statistics shows it is steadily increasing as more people become technological-knowledgeable. Therefore, what is suggested is for the digital divide issue to be addressed. This is especially necessary in developing and least developed societies whe re adoption of technology is still low. As globalization continues to influence the world and disintegrate economic, political, and social barriers, digital divide is an issue that should be addressed to realize equal and faster adaptation to e-markets and e-commerce. References Anonymous. (N.d). Types of E-Business Models and Markets. Retrieved from http://forums.techarena.in/guides-tutorials/6051.htm. Bajaj, K. K., Nag, D. and Bajaj, K. K. (2005). E-Commerce. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill. Benning, J. F. (2007). Trading Strategies for Capital Markets. NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Botha, J. (2004). E-Commerce. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. 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The Digital Divide, E-Commerce, and ODR: Constructing the Egyptian Information Society. Proceedings of UNECEF Forum. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:CCPwrj7NnWcJ:www.odr.info/unece2003/pdf/wahab.pdf+digital+divide+and+e-commercehl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESj5tm7pLGnOdc1Rip_XMtpVrFDMywj4OF2jZXuWunNdZ5yJ7y16VLwKs6MwTA9xka9hHRnydZ9EBXgco16sAYEUaaA-roWiRSUZF8t7NVo8eOZF-F35 eZATYyWopswwnOTQ9Ca5sig=AHIEtbR_EMNX1ijpSpF2Q6b8kp-BBXSzbw. Zhou, Z. (2004). E-commerce and information technology in hospitality and tourism. OH: Cengage Learning.. This term paper on Technology Evolution in The Modern Society was written and submitted by user Jazmin Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.